References

1. 1..
   Angst J,Ajdacic-Gross V,Rössler W. Classification of mood disorders. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(4):663-71.
2. 2..
   Le-Niculescu H,Roseberry K,Gill SS,Levey DF,Phalen PL,Mullen J, et al. Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs. Mol Psychiatry.2021;26(7):2776-804.
3. 3..
   Sekhon S,Gupta V. Mood Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from:
4. 4..
   American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5^®) 2013 Arlington, TX, USA
5. 5..
   Harrison JE,Weber S,Jakob R,Chute CG. ICD-11: an international classi-fication of diseases for the twenty-first century. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021;21(Suppl 6):206.
6. 6..
   Ogasawara K,Nakamura Y,Kimura H,Aleksic B,Ozaki N. Issues on the diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of mood disorders: reconsidering DSM-5. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(2):211-22.
7. 7..
   Wade DT,Halligan PW. The biopsychosocial model of illness: a model whose time has come. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(8):995-1004.
8. 8..
   Papadimitriou G. The ‘Biopsychosocial Model’: 40 years of application in psychiatry. Psychiatriki. 2017;28(2):107-10.
9. 9..
   Peña-Vargas C,Armaiz-Peña G,Castro-Figueroa E. A biopsychosocial approach to grief, depression, and the role of emotional regulation. Behav Sci (Basel). 2021;11(8):110.
10. 10..
    Goto Y,Lee YA,Yamaguchi Y,Jas E. Biological mechanisms underlying evolutionary origins of psychotic and mood disorders. Neurosci Res.2016;111:13-24.
11. 11..
    Drevets WC,Price JL,Furey ML. Brain structural and functional abnor-malities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct. 2008;213(1):93.
12. 12..
    Duric V,Clayton S,Leong ML,Yuan LL. Comorbidity factors and brain mechanisms linking chronic stress and systemic illness. Neural Plast.2016;2016:5460732.
13. 13..
    Rosenblat JD,Cha DS,Mansur RB,McIntyre RS. Inflamed moods: a review of the interactions between inflammation and mood disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;53:23-34.
14. 14..
    Masih J,Belschak F,Willem Verbeke JMI. Mood configurations and their relationship to immune system responses: exploring the relationship between moods, immune system responses, thyroid hormones, and social support. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5): e0216232.
15. 15..
    Ortega MA,García-Montero C,Fraile-Martinez O,Alvarez-Mon MA,Gómez-Lahoz AM,Lahera G, et al. Immune-mediated diseases from the point of view of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology. Biology (Basel).2022;11(7):973.
16. 16..
    González-Díaz SN,Arias-Cruz A,Elizondo-Villarreal B,Monge-Ortega OP. Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology: clinical implications. World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10(1):19.
17. 17..
    D’Acquisto F. Affective immunology: where emotions and the immune response converge. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19(1):9.
18. 18..
    Jones BDM,Daskalakis ZJ,Carvalho AF,Strawbridge R,Young AH,Mul-sant BH, et al. Inflammation as a treatment target in mood disorders:review. BJPsych Open. 2020;6(4)e60.
19. 19..
    Husain MI,Strawbridge R,Stokes PRA,Young AH. Anti-inflammatory treatments for mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1137-48.
20. 20..
    Sakrajda K,Szczepankiewicz A. Inflammation-related changes in mood disorders and the immunomodulatory role of lithium. Int J Mol Sci.2021;22(4):1-15.
21. 21..
    Poon MML,Farber DL. The whole body as the system in systems immu-nology. iScience. 2020;23(9):101509.
22. 22..
    Drexhage RC,Weigelt K,van Beveren N,Cohen D,Versnel MA,Nolen WA, et al. Immune and neuroimmune alterations in mood disorders and schizophrenia. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2011;101:169-201.
23. 23..
    Beurel E,Toups M,Nemeroff CB. The bidirectional relation-ship of depression and inflammation: double trouble. Neuron.2020;107(2):234-56.
24. 24..
    Muneer A. Bipolar disorder: role of inflammation and the development of disease biomarkers. Psychiatry Investig. 2016;13(1):18-23.
25. 25..
    Bauer ME,Teixeira AL. Neuroinflammation in mood disorders: role of regulatory immune cells. NeuroImmunoModulation. 2021;28(3):99-107.
26. 26..
    Bauer ME,Teixeira AL. Inflammation in psychiatric disorders: what comes first? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1437(1):57-67.
27. 27..
    Lyman M,Lloyd DG,Ji X,Vizcaychipi MP,Ma D. Neuroinflammation: the role and consequences. Neurosci Res. 2014;79(1):1-12.
28. 28..
    DiSabato DJ,Quan N,Godbout JP. Neuroinflammation: the devil is in the details. J Neurochem. 2016;139(Suppl 2):136-53.
29. 29..
    Jones KA,Thomsen C. The role of the innate immune system in psychi-atric disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2013;53:52-62.
30. 30..
    Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: mechanisms and implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;933:222-34.
31. 31..
    Dantzer R. Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009;29(2):247-64.
32. 32..
    Daneman R,Prat A. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7(1): a020412.
33. 33..
    Patel JP,Frey BN. Disruption in the blood-brain barrier: the missing link between brain and body inflammation in bipolar disorder? Neural Plast.2015;2015: 708306.
34. 34..
    Medina-Rodriguez EM,Beurel E. Blood brain barrier and inflammation in depression. Neurobiol Dis. 2022;175: 105926.
35. 35..
    Wu S,Yin Y,Du L. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022;42(8):2571-91.
36. 36..
    Muzio L,Viotti A,Martino G. Microglia in neuroinflammation and neuro-degeneration: from understanding to therapy. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:742065.
37. 37..
    Dean B,Gibbons AS,Tawadros N,Brooks L,Everall IP,Scarr E. Different changes in cortical tumor necrosis factor-α-related pathways in schizo-phrenia and mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(7):767-73.
38. 38..
    Giovannoni F,Quintana FJ. The role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2020;41(9):805.
39. 39..
    Edgar N,Sibille E. A putative functional role for oligodendrocytes in mood regulation. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2(5): e109.
40. 40..
    Schlaaff K,Dobrowolny H,Frodl T,Mawrin C,Gos T,Steiner J, et al. Increased densities of T and B lymphocytes indicate neuroinflammation in subgroups of schizophrenia and mood disorder patients. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:497-506.
41. 41..
    Bernaus A,Blanco S,Sevilla A. Glia crosstalk in neuroinflammatory diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020;14:209.
42. 42..
    Yang T,Guo R,Zhang F. Brain perivascular macrophages: Recent advances and implications in health and diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther.2019;25(12):1318.
43. 43..
    Iliff JJ,Wang M,Liao Y,Plogg BA,Peng W,Gundersen GA, et al. A para-vascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147):147ra111.
44. 44..
    Oshio K. What is the “Glymphatic System”? Magn Reson Med Sci.2023;22(1):137.
45. 45..
    Hablitz LM,Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: a novel component of fundamental neurobiology. J Neurosci. 2021;41(37):7698.
46. 46..
    Kaur BP,Secord E. Innate immunity. Pediatr Clin North Am.2019;66(5):905-11.
47. 47..
    Monserrat J,Gómez-Lahoz A,Ortega MA,Sanz J,Muñoz B,Arévalo-Serrano J, et al. Role of innate and adaptive cytokines in the survival of COVID-19 patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(18):10344.
48. 48..
    Iwasaki A,Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(4):343.
49. 49..
    McDaniel MM,Meibers HE,Pasare C. Innate control of adaptive immu-nity and adaptive instruction of innate immunity: bi-directional flow of information. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021;73:25.
50. 50..
    Sauls RS,McCausland C,Taylor BN. Histology, T-Cell Lymphocyte. Stat-Pearls. 2022. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. . Accessed 12 Jan 2024.
51. 51..
    Tuzlak S,Dejean AS,Iannacone M,Quintana FJ,Waisman A,Ginhoux F, et al. Repositioning TH cell polarization from single cytokines to com-plex help. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(10):1210-7.
52. 52..
    Haapakoski R,Ebmeier KP,Alenius H,Kivimäki M. Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: An update on current knowledge and technological advances. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;66:63.
53. 53..
    Paouri E,Georgopoulos S. Systemic and CNS inflammation cross-talk: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res.2019;16(6):559-74.
54. 54..
    Sun Y,Koyama Y,Shimada S. Inflammation from peripheral organs to the brain: how does systemic inflammation cause neuroinflammation?Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:601.
55. 55..
    Becking K,Haarman BCM,Grosse L,Nolen WA,Claes S,Arolt V, et al. The circulating levels of CD4⁺ T helper cells are higher in bipolar disorder as compared to major depressive disorder. J Neuroimmunol.2018;319:28-36.
56. 56..
    Rosenblat JD,McIntyre RS. Bipolar disorder and immune dysfunction:epidemiological findings, proposed pathophysiology and clinical implications. Brain Sci. 2017;7(11):144.
57. 57..
    Goyal S,Srivastava K,Kodange C,Bhat PS. Immunological changes in depression. Ind Psychiatry J. 2017;26(2):201.
58. 58..
    Irwin M. Immune correlates of depression. Adv Exp Med Biol.1999;461:1-24.
59. 59..
    Alvarez-Mon MA,Gomez-Lahoz AM,Orozco A,Lahera G,Sosa-Reina MD,Diaz D, et al. Blunted expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes is associated with increased bacterial translocation in patients with major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:1530.
60. 60..
    Álvarez-Mon MA,Gómez-Lahoz AM,Orozco A,Lahera G,Diaz D,Ortega MA, et al. Expansion of CD4 T lymphocytes expressing interleukin 17 and tumor necrosis factor in patients with major depressive disorder. J Pers Med. 2021;11(3):220.
61. 61..
    Uyar B,Budak EA. Effects of major depressive disorder on monocytes, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and monocyte to HDL ratio: a case-control study. Psychiatr Danub. 2022;34(4):687-94.
62. 62..
    Alvarez-Mon MA,Gómez AM,Orozco A,Lahera G,Sosa MD,Diaz D, et al. Abnormal distribution and function of circulating monocytes and enhanced bacterial translocation in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:812.
63. 63..
    Müller N. Immunology of major depression. NeuroImmunoModulation.2014;21(2–3):123-30.
64. 64..
    Zou W,Feng R,Yang Y. Changes in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in antidepressant drug-naïve patients with major depression. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(6): e0197267.
65. 65..
    Wu W,Zheng YL,Tian LP,Lai JB,Hu CC,Zhang P, et al. Circulating T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with bipolar II or major depression: a preliminary study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40530.
66. 66..
    Barbosa IG,Bauer ME,MacHado-Vieira R,Teixeira AL. Cytokines in bipolar disorder: paving the way for neuroprogression. Neural Plast.2014;2014: 360481.
67. 67..
    Chen X,Yao T,Cai J,Fu X,Li H,Wu J. Systemic inflammatory regulators and 7 major psychiatric disorders: a two-sample Mendelian randomi-zation study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2022;116:110534.
68. 68..
    Bannister E. There is increasing evidence to suggest that brain inflam-mation could play a key role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness. Could inflammation be a cause of the premenstrual syndromes PMS and PMDD? Post Reprod Health. 2019;25(3):157-61.
69. 69..
    Song C,Luchtman D,Kang Z,Tam EM,Yatham LN,Su KP, et al. Enhanced inflammatory and T-helper-1 type responses but suppressed lym-phocyte proliferation in patients with seasonal affective disorder and treated by light therapy. J Affect Disord. 2015;185:90-6.
70. 70..
    Leu SJ,Shiah IS,Yatham LN,Cheu YM,Lam RW. Immune-inflammatory markers in patients with seasonal affective disorder: effects of light therapy. J Affect Disord. 2001;63(1–3):27-34.
71. 71..
    Euesden J,Danese A,Lewis CM,Maughan B. A bidirectional relationship between depression and the autoimmune disorders—new perspec-tives from the national child development study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0173015.
72. 72..
    Bialek K,Czarny P,Strycharz J,Sliwinski T. Major depressive disorders accompanying autoimmune diseases – response to treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;95: 109678.
73. 73..
    Atrooz F,Liu H,Salim S. Stress, psychiatric disorders, molecular targets, and more. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2019;167:77-105.
74. 74..
    Pesonen AK,Räikkönen K. The lifespan consequences of early life stress. Physiol Behav. 2012;106(5):722-7.
75. 75..
    Mariotti A. The effects of chronic stress on health: new insights into the molecular mechanisms of brain–body communication. Future Sci OA.2015;1(3):FSO23.
76. 76..
    Herman JP,McKlveen JM,Ghosal S,Kopp B,Wulsin A,Makinson R, et al. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Compr Physiol. 2016;6(2):603.
77. 77..
    Bao AM,Swaab DF. The human hypothalamus in mood disorders: the HPA axis in the center. IBRO Rep. 2019;6:45.
78. 78..
    Yaribeygi H,Panahi Y,Sahraei H,Johnston TP,Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: a review. EXCLI J. 2017;16:1057.
79. 79..
    Bellavance MA,Rivest S. The HPA—immune axis and the immu-nomodulatory actions of glucocorticoids in the brain. Front Immunol.2014;5(MAR):136.
80. 80..
    Chen Y,Baram TZ. Toward understanding how early-life stress repro-grams cognitive and emotional brain networks. Neuropsychopharma-cology. 2016;41(1):197-206.
81. 81..
    Eachus H,Choi MK,Ryu S. The effects of early life stress on the brain and behaviour: insights from zebrafish models. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:657591.
82. 82..
    Danese A,Lewis SJ. Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life stress: the hidden wounds of childhood trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology.2017;42(1):99-114.
83. 83..
    Jänig W. Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: a conceptual view. Auton Neurosci. 2014;182:4-14.
84. 84..
    Rohleder N. Stress and inflammation—the need to address the gap in the transition between acute and chronic stress effects. Psychoneu-roendocrinology. 2019;105:164-71.
85. 85..
    Liu YZ,Wang YX,Jiang CL. Inflammation: the common pathway of stress-related diseases. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:316.
86. 86..
    Dhabhar FS. Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress on immune function: implications for immunoprotection and immunopathology. NeuroImmunoModulation. 2009;16(5):300-17.
87. 87..
    Ménard C,Pfau ML,Hodes GE,Russo SJ. Immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress vulnerability and resilience. Neuropsychopharma-cology. 2017;42(1):62.
88. 88..
    Iwata M,Ota KT,Duman RS. The inflammasome: pathways linking psychological stress, depression, and systemic illnesses. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;31:105.
89. 89..
    Remes O,Francisco J,Templeton P. Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: a review of recent literature. Brain Sci.2021;11(12):1633.
90. 90..
    Koenders MA,Dodd AL,Karl A,Green MJ,Elzinga BM,Wright K. Under-standing bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregula-tion framework. J Affect Disord Rep. 2020;2: 100031.
91. 91..
    McGowan PO,Kato T. Epigenetics in mood disorders. Environ Health Prev Med. 2008;13(1):16-24.
92. 92..
    Park C,Rosenblat JD,Brietzke E,Pan Z,Lee Y,Cao B, et al. Stress, epi-genetics and depression: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.2019;102:139-52.
93. 93..
    Wang J,Hodes GE,Zhang H,Zhang S,Zhao W,Golden SA, et al. Epi-genetic modulation of inflammation and synaptic plasticity promotes resilience against stress in mice. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1-14.
94. 94..
    Segerstrom SC,Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull.2004;130(4):601.
95. 95..
    Peng Z,Peng S,Lin K,Zhao B,Wei L,Tuo Q, et al. Chronic stress-induced depression requires the recruitment of peripheral Th17 cells into the brain. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):186.
96. 96..
    Zhang X,Lei B,Yuan Y,Zhang L,Hu L,Jin S, et al. Brain control of humoral immune responses amenable to behavioural modulation. Nature. 2020;581(7807):204-8.
97. 97..
    Kubera M,Basta-Kaim A,Holan V,Simbirtsev A,Roman A,Pigareva N, et al. Effect of mild chronic stress, as a model of depression, on the immunoreactivity of C57BL/6 mice. Int J Immunopharmacol.1998;20(12):781-9.
98. 98..
    Wei Y,Wang T,Liao L,Fan X,Chang L,Hashimoto K. Brain-spleen axis in health and diseases: a review and future perspective. Brain Res Bull.2022;182:130-40.
99. 99..
    Foster JA,Baker GB,Dursun SM. The relationship between the gut microbiome-immune system-brain axis and major depressive disorder. Front Neurol. 2021;12: 721126.
100. 100..
     Lee JG,Woo YS,Park SW,Seog DH,Seo MK,Bahk WM. Neuromolecular etiology of bipolar disorder: possible therapeutic targets of mood stabilizers. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2022;20(2):228.
101. 101..
     Saveanu RV,Nemeroff CB. Etiology of depression: genetic and environ-mental factors. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(1):51-71.
102. 102..
     Ruhé HG,Mason NS,Schene AH. Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12(4):331-59.
103. 103..
     Jiang Y,Zou D,Li Y,Gu S,Dong J,Ma X, et al. Monoamine neurotrans-mitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(10):1203.
104. 104..
     Meredith EJ,Chamba A,Holder MJ,Barnes NM,Gordon J. Close encounters of the monoamine kind: immune cells betray their nervous disposition. Immunology. 2005;115(3):289.
105. 105..
     van den Ameele S,Fuchs D,Coppens V,de Boer P,Timmers M,Sabbe B, et al. Markers of inflammation and monoamine metabolism indicate accelerated aging in bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9(JUN):250.
106. 106..
     Bhattacharya A,Derecki NC,Lovenberg TW,Drevets WC. Role of neuro-immunological factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233(9):1623-36.
107. 107..
     Kugaya A,Sanacora G. Beyond monoamines: glutamatergic function in mood disorders. CNS Spectr. 2005;10(10):808-19.
108. 108..
     Haroon E,Miller AH,Sanacora G. Inflammation, glutamate, and glia:a trio of trouble in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology.2017;42(1):193-215.
109. 109..
     Mechawar N,Savitz J. Neuropathology of mood disorders: do we see the stigmata of inflammation? Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(11): e946.
110. 110..
     Dulawa SC,Janowsky DS. Cholinergic regulation of mood: from basic and clinical studies to emerging therapeutics. Mol Psychiatry.2019;24(5):694.
111. 111..
     Han B,Li X,Hao J. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: An inno-vative treatment strategy for neurological diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;77:358-68.
112. 112..
     Pomara N,Bruno D,Plaska CR,Pillai A,Ramos-Cejudo J,Osorio R, et al. Evidence of upregulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in late-life depression. J Affect Disord. 2021;286:275-81.
113. 113..
     Liu H,Zhang X,Shi P,Yuan J,Jia Q,Pi C, et al. α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: a key receptor in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway exerting an antidepressant effect. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):84.
114. 114..
     Preiser JC. Oxidative stress. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.2012;36(2):147-54.
115. 115..
     Bakunina N,Pariante CM,Zunszain PA. Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression. Immunology.2015;144(3):365.
116. 116..
     Ortega MA,Alvarez-Mon MA,García-Montero C,Fraile-Martinez O,Lahera G,Monserrat J, et al. MicroRNAs as critical biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a comprehensive perspective. Biomedicines.2021;9(11):1659.
117. 117..
     Legrand A,Iftimovici A,Khayachi A,Chaumette B. Epigenetics in bipolar disorder: a critical review of the literature. Psychiatr Genet.2021;31(1):1-12.
118. 118..
     Mahgoub M,Monteggia LM. Epigenetics and psychiatry. Neurothera-peutics. 2013;10(4):734.
119. 119..
     Siwek M,Sowa-Kuaema M,Dudek D,Styczeñz K,Szewczyk B,Kotarska K, et al. Oxidative stress markers in affective disorders. Pharmacol Rep.2013;65(6):1558-71.
120. 120..
     Farzi A,Reichmann F,Holzer P. The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015;213(3):603-27.
121. 121..
     Hashimoto K,Shimizu E,Iyo M. Critical role of brain-derived neuro-trophic factor in mood disorders. Brain Res Rev. 2004;45(2):104-14.
122. 122..
     Hashimoto K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for mood disorders: an historical overview and future directions. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;64(4):341-57.
123. 123..
     Mickey BJ,Zhou Z,Heitzeg MM,Heinz E,Hodgkinson CA,Hsu DT, et al. Emotional processing, major depression, and functional genetic varia-tion of neuropeptide Y. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(2):158.
124. 124..
     Wu G,Feder A,Wegener G,Bailey C,Saxena S,Charney D, et al. Central functions of neuropeptide Y in mood and anxiety disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2011;15(11):1317-31.
125. 125..
     Rana T,Behl T,Sehgal A,Singh S,Sharma N,Abdeen A, et al. Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsy-chopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2022;114: 110478.
126. 126..
     Réus GZ,Titus SE,Abelaira HM,Freitas SM,Tuon T,Quevedo J, et al. Neurochemical correlation between major depressive disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci. 2016;158:121-9.
127. 127..
     Zovetti N,Rossetti MG,Perlini C,Brambilla P,Bellani M. Brain ageing and neurodegeneration in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2023;323:171-5.
128. 128..
     Gibbons CH. Basics of autonomic nervous system function. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;160:407-18.
129. 129..
     Alvares GA,Quintana DS,Hickie IB,Guastella AJ. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the impact of psycho-tropic medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;41(2):89.
130. 130..
     Singla S,Jhamb S,Singh K,Kumar A. Depression affects autonomic system of the body? Yes, it does! J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:217.
131. 131..
     Halaris A. Inflammation and depression but where does the inflamma-tion come from? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019;32(5):422-8.
132. 132..
     Kop WJ,Stein PK,Tracy RP,Barzilay JI,Schulz R,Gottdiener JS. Auto-nomic nervous system dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality risk associated with depression. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(7):626.
133. 133..
     Sgoifo A,Carnevali L,Pico Alfonso MDLA,Amore M. Autonomic dysfunction and heart rate variability in depression. Stress.2015;18(3):343-52.
134. 134..
     Straub RH. Interaction of the endocrine system with inflamma-tion: a function of energy and volume regulation. Arthritis Res Ther.2014;16(1):203.
135. 135..
     França K,Lotti TM. Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology: a psychobio-logical concept. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;996:123-34.
136. 136..
     Muthusami S,Vidya B,Shankar EM,Vadivelu J,Ramachandran I,Stanley JA, et al. The functional significance of endocrine-immune interactions in health and disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2020;21(1):52-65.
137. 137..
     Stelzer IA,Arck PC. Immunity and the endocrine system. Encyclopedia of Immunobiology. 2016:73-85.
138. 138..
     Csaba G. Hormones in the immune system and their possible role. A critical review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2014;61(3):241-60.
139. 139..
     Mazza M,Mazza S. Neuroendocrine functions, mood and quality of life. In: Ritsner MS, Awad AG, editors. Quality of Life Impairment in Schizo-phrenia. Mood and Anxiety Disorders: New Perspectives on Research and Treatment; 2007. p. 33–56.
140. 140..
     Brouwer JP,Appelhof BC,Hoogendijk WJG,Huyser J,Endert E,Zuketto C, et al. Thyroid and adrenal axis in major depression: a controlled study in outpatients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152(2):185-91.
141. 141..
     Musselman DL,Nemeroff CB. Depression and endocrine disorders:focus on the thyroid and adrenal system. Br J Psychiatry Suppl.1996;168(S30):123-8.
142. 142..
     Guo LZ,Guo LZ. Interaction between neuroendocrinology and immu-nology: hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in immunoendocrinology. Open J Endocr Metab Dis. 2021;11(2):63-9.
143. 143..
     Hendrick V,Altshuler L,Whybrow P. Psychoneuroendocrinology of mood disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21(2):277-92.
144. 144..
     Al-Samerria S,Radovick S. The role of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) in the control of neuroendocrine regulation of growth. Cells.2021;10(10):2664.
145. 145..
     Bidlingmaier M,Strasburger CJ. Growth hormone. Handb Exp Pharma-col. 2010;195(195):187-200.
146. 146..
     Livingstone C. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and clinical nutrition. Clin Sci (Lond). 2013;125(6):265-80.
147. 147..
     Algahtany M,Sharma S,Fahoum K,Jing R,Zhang S,Kovacs K, et al. The role of growth hormone in depression: a human model. Front Neurosci.2021;15:776.
148. 148..
     Szczêsny E,OElusarczyk J,Glombik K,Budziszewska B,Kubera M,Lasoñz W, et al. Possible contribution of IGF-1 to depressive disorder. Pharma-col Rep. 2013;65(6):1622-31.
149. 149..
     Meazza C,Pagani S,Travaglino P,Bozzola M. Effect of growth hormone(GH) on the immune system. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004;1(Suppl.3):490-5.
150. 150..
     Smith TJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases? Pharmacol Rev.2010;62(2):199.
151. 151..
     Wolters TLC,Netea MG,Hermus ARMM,Smit JWA,Netea-Maier RT. IGF1 potentiates the pro-inflammatory response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via MAPK. J Mol Endocrinol. 2017;59(2):129-39.
152. 152..
     Tu KY,Wu MK,Chen YW,Lin PY,Wang HY,Wu CK, et al. Significantly higher peripheral insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder than in healthy controls:a meta-analysis and review under guideline of PRISMA. Medicine (Balti-more). 2016;95(4): e2411.
153. 153..
     Tanriverdi F,Silveira LFG,MacColl GS,Bouloux PMG. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity. J Endo-crinol. 2003;176(3):293-304.
154. 154..
     Taneja V. Sex hormones determine immune response. Front Immunol.2018;9:1931.
155. 155..
     García-Montero C,Ortega MA,Alvarez-Mon MA,Fraile-Martinez O,Romero-Bazán A,Lahera G, et al. The problem of malnutrition associ-ated with major depressive disorder from a sex-gender perspective. Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1107.
156. 156..
     Teatero ML,Mazmanian D,Sharma V. Effects of the menstrual cycle on bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(1):22-36.
157. 157..
     Halbreich U,Kahn LS. Role of estrogen in the aetiology and treatment of mood disorders. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(10):797-817.
158. 158..
     Rapkin AJ,Akopians AL. Pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Menopause Int. 2012;18(2):52-9.
159. 159..
     Bertone-Johnson ER,Ronnenberg AG,Houghton SC,Nobles C,Zagarins SE,Takashima-Uebelhoer BB, et al. Association of inflammation markers with menstrual symptom severity and premenstrual syndrome in young women. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(9):1987-94.
160. 160..
     Roomruangwong C,Matsumoto AK,Michelin AP,de Oliveira SL,de Lima Pedrão JV,Moreira EG, et al. The role of immune and oxidative pathways in menstrual cycle associated depressive, physio-somatic, breast and anxiety symptoms: modulation by sex hormones. J Psycho-som Res. 2020;135: 110158.
161. 161..
     Hantsoo L,Epperson CN. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: epidemiol-ogy and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(11):87.
162. 162..
     Bränn E,Fransson E,White RA,Papadopoulos FC,Edvinsson Å,Kamali-Moghaddam M, et al. Inflammatory markers in women with postpar-tum depressive symptoms. J Neurosci Res. 2020;98(7):1309-21.
163. 163..
     Achtyes E,Keaton SA,Smart LA,Burmeister AR,Heilman PL,Krzyzanow-ski S, et al. Inflammation and kynurenine pathway dysregulation in post-partum women with severe and suicidal depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;83:239-47.
164. 164..
     Guo L,Ren L,Zhang C. Relationship between depression and inflam-matory factors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with perimenopause syndrome. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(5):4436.
165. 165..
     Fischer S,Ehlert U,Amiel CR. Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male depressive disorders - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;55: 100792.
166. 166..
     Rohr UD. The impact of testosterone imbalance on depression and women’s health. Maturitas. 2002;41(Suppl 1):S25-46.
167. 167..
     Raval FM,Nikolajczyk BS. The bidirectional relationship between metabolism and immune responses. Discoveries (Craiova). 2013;1(1):e6.
168. 168..
     Mansur RB,Brietzke E,McIntyre RS. Is there a ‘metabolic-mood syndrome’? A review of the relationship between obesity and mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;52:89-104.
169. 169..
     Von Ah Morano AE,Dorneles GP,Peres A,Lira FS. The role of glu-cose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: the impact of low or higher energetic conditions. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(4):3169-88
170. 170..
     Kucukgoncu S,Kosir U,Zhou E,Sullivan E,Srihari VH,Tek C. Glucose metabolism dysregulation at the onset of mental illness is not limited to first episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2019;13(5):1021.
171. 171..
     Lyra e Silva NDM,Lam MP,Soares CN,Munoz DP,Milev R,De Felice FG. Insulin resistance as a shared pathogenic mechanism between depres-sion and type 2 diabetes. Front Psychiatry. 2019 10(FEB):57.
172. 172..
     Calkin C,McClelland C,Cairns K,Kamintsky L,Friedman A. Insulin resist-ance and blood-brain barrier dysfunction underlie neuroprogression in bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 636174.
173. 173..
     van Niekerk G,Christowitz C,Conradie D,Engelbrecht AM. Insulin as an immunomodulatory hormone. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.2020;52:34-44.
174. 174..
     Shoelson SE,Lee J,Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793.
175. 175..
     Leonard BE,Wegener G. Inflammation, insulin resistance and neuropro-gression in depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020;32(1):1-9.
176. 176..
     Miranda AM,Oliveira TG. Lipids under stress—a lipidomic approach for the study of mood disorders. BioEssays. 2015;37(11):1226-35.
177. 177..
     Schneider M,Levant B,Reichel M,Gulbins E,Kornhuber J,Müller CP. Lipids in psychiatric disorders and preventive medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;76:336-62.
178. 178..
     Beasley CL,Honer WG,von Bergmann K,Falkai P,Lütjohann D,Bayer TA. Reductions in cholesterol and synaptic markers in association cortex in mood disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7(5):449-55.
179. 179..
     Jones BDM,Farooqui S,Kloiber S,Husain MO,Mulsant BH,Husain MI. Targeting metabolic dysfunction for the treatment of mood disorders:review of the evidence. Life (Basel). 2021;11(8):819.
180. 180..
     Fiedorowicz JG,Haynes WG. Cholesterol, mood, and vascular health:Untangling the relationship: does low cholesterol predispose to depression and suicide, or vice versa? Curr Psychiatr. 2010;9(7):17.
181. 181..
     Hubler MJ,Kennedy AJ. Role of lipids in the metabolism and activation of immune cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;34:1-7.
182. 182..
     Lei J,Luo Y,Xie Y,Wang X. Visceral adiposity index is a measure of the likelihood of developing depression among adults in the United States. Front Psychol. 2022;13:622.
183. 183..
     Lee JI,Busler JN,Millett CE,Principe JL,Levin LL,Corrigan A, et al. Asso-ciation between visceral adipose tissue and major depressive disorder across the lifespan: a scoping review. Bipolar Disord. 2022;24(4):375-91.
184. 184..
     Gharipour M,Barekatain M,Sung J,Emami N,Sadeghian L,Dianatkhah M, et al. The epigenetic overlap between obesity and mood disorders: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6758.
185. 185..
     Uranga RM,Keller JN. The complex interactions between obesity, metabolism and the brain. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:513.
186. 186..
     Carvalho AF,Rocha DQC,McIntyre RS,Mesquita LM,Köhler CA,Hyphantis TN, et al. Adipokines as emerging depression biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;59:28-37.
187. 187..
     Barbosa IG,Rocha NP,de Miranda AS,da Silva Magalhães PV,Huguet RB,de Souza LP, et al. Increased levels of adipokines in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(3):389-93.
188. 188..
     Mansur RB,Rizzo LB,Santos CM,Asevedo E,Cunha GR,Noto MN, et al. Adipokines, metabolic dysfunction and illness course in bipolar disor-der. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:63-9.
189. 189..
     Misiak B,Stramecki F,Kasznia J,Lis M,Stańczykiewicz B. Adiponectin levels in patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;104:74-9.
190. 190..
     Akram F,Gragnoli C,Raheja UK,Snitker S,Lowry CA,Stearns-Yoder KA, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and seasonal changes in weight and sleep duration are inversely associated with plasma adiponectin levels. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;122:97.
191. 191..
     Li Z,Tong X,Ma Y,Bao T,Yue J. Prevalence of depression in patients with sarcopenia and correlation between the two diseases: sys-tematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle.2022;13(1):128.
192. 192..
     Bulbul F,Koca I,Tamam L,Demirkol ME,Cakmak S,Ersahinoglu E. The prevalence of sarcopenia in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2020;16:915.
193. 193..
     Rai M,Demontis F. Muscle-to-brain signaling via myokines and myome-tabolites. Brain Plasticity. 2022;8(1):43.
194. 194..
     Algaidi SA,Eldomiaty MA,Elbastwisy YM,Almasry SM,Desouky MK,Elnaggar AM. Effect of voluntary running on expression of myokines in brains of rats with depression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.2019;33:2058738419833533.
195. 195..
     Mucher P,Batmyagmar D,Perkmann T,Repl M,Radakovics A,Ponocny-Seliger E, et al. Basal myokine levels are associated with quality of life and depressed mood in older adults. Psychophysiology. 2021;58(5):e13799.
196. 196..
     Thursby E,Juge N. Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J. 2017;474(11):1823-36.
197. 197..
     Clarke G,Stilling RM,Kennedy PJ,Stanton C,Cryan JF,Dinan TG. Minire-view: Gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ. Mol Endocrinol.2014;28(8):1221-38.
198. 198..
     Fan Y,Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(1):55-71.
199. 199..
     Al Bander Z,Nitert MD,Mousa A,Naderpoor N. The gut microbiota and inflammation: an overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2020;17(20):1-22.
200. 200..
     Koh A,De Vadder F,Kovatcheva-Datchary P,Bäckhed F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell. 2016;165(6):1332-45.
201. 201..
     Ensari A,Marsh MN. Exploring the villus. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2018;11(3):181.
202. 202..
     García-Montero C,Fraile-Martínez O,Gómez-Lahoz AM,Pekarek L,Castellanos AJ,Noguerales-Fraguas F, et al. Nutritional components in Western diet versus Mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota-immune system interplay implications for health and disease. Nutrients.2021;13(2):1-53.
203. 203..
     Latorre R,Sternini C,De Giorgio R,Greenwood-Van MB. Enteroendo-crine cells: a review of their role in brain-gut communication. Neuro-gastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(5):620-30.
204. 204..
     Scheithauer TPM,Rampanelli E,Nieuwdorp M,Vallance BA,Verchere CB,van Raalte DH, et al. Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflam-mation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 571731.
205. 205..
     Smith PM,Howitt MR,Panikov N,Michaud M,Gallini CA,Bohlooly-Y M, et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science. 2013;341(6145):569-73.
206. 206..
     Gao J,Xu K,Liu H,Liu G,Bai M,Peng C, et al. Impact of the gut micro-biota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:13.
207. 207..
     Ahluwalia B,Magnusson MK,Öhman L. Mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract: maintaining balance between the good and the bad. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(11):1185-93.
208. 208..
     Chen Y,Zhou J,Wang L. Role and Mechanism of gut microbiota in human disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11: 625913.
209. 209..
     Rogers GB,Keating DJ,Young RL,Wong ML,Licinio J,Wesselingh S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mecha-nisms and pathways. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(6):738-48.
210. 210..
     Yoo JY,Groer M,Dutra SVO,Sarkar A,McSkimming DI. Gut microbiota and immune system interactions. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1-22.
211. 211..
     Mayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communica-tion. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(8):453-66.
212. 212..
     Breit S,Kupferberg A,Rogler G,Hasler G. Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:44.
213. 213..
     Anglin R,Surette M,Moayyedi P,Bercik P. Lost in translation: the gut microbiota in psychiatric illness. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(10):460.
214. 214..
     Chakrabarti A,Geurts L,Hoyles L,Iozzo P,Kraneveld AD,La Fata G, et al. The microbiota–gut–brain axis: pathways to better brain health. Perspectives on what we know, what we need to investigate and how to put knowledge into practice. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79(2):80.
215. 215..
     Cryan JF,O’riordan KJ,Cowan CSM,Sandhu KV,Bastiaanssen TFS,Boehme M, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev.2019;99(4):1877-2013.
216. 216..
     Petra AI,Panagiotidou S,Hatziagelaki E,Stewart JM,Conti P,Theoharides TC. Gut-microbiota-brain axis and effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation. Clin Ther. 2015;37(5):984.
217. 217..
     Appleton J. The gut-brain axis: influence of microbiota on mood and mental health. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2018;17(4):28.
218. 218..
     Lucidi L,Pettorruso M,Vellante F,Di Carlo F,Ceci F,Santovito MC, et al. Gut microbiota and bipolar disorder: an overview on a novel biomarker for diagnosis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7):3723.
219. 219..
     Tan C,Yan Q,Ma Y,Fang J,Yang Y. Recognizing the role of the vagus nerve in depression from microbiota-gut brain axis. Front Neurol.2022;13:1015175.
220. 220..
     Sackeim HA,Dibué M,Bunker MT,Rush AJ. The long and winding road of vagus nerve stimulation: challenges in developing an interven-tion for difficult-to-treat mood disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2020;16:3081-93.
221. 221..
     McAllister-Williams RH,Sousa S,Kumar A,Greco T,Bunker MT,Aaronson ST, et al. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on the course and outcomes of patients with bipolar disorder in a treatment-resistant depressive episode: a 5-year prospective registry. Int J Bipolar Disord.2020;8(1):13.
222. 222..
     Kaelberer MM,Rupprecht LE,Liu WW,Weng P,Bohorquez DV. Neu-ropod cells: the emerging biology of gut-brain sensory transduction. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2020;43:337-53.
223. 223..
     Kaelberer MM,Buchanan KL,Klein ME,Barth BB,Montoya MM,Shen X, et al. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science. 2018;361(6408):eaat5236.
224. 224..
     Huang TT,Lai JB,Du YL,Xu Y,Ruan LM,Hu SH. Current understanding of gut microbiota in mood disorders: an update of human studies. Front Genet. 2019;10:98.
225. 225..
     Mörkl S,Butler MI,Lackner S. Advances in the gut microbiome and mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36(1):1-7.
226. 226..
     McGuinness AJ,Davis JA,Dawson SL,Loughman A,Collier F,O’Hely M, et al. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in obser-vational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):1920-35.
227. 227..
     Müller B,Rasmusson AJ,Just D,Jayarathna S,Moazzami A,Novicic ZK, et al. Fecal short-chain fatty acid ratios as related to gastrointes-tinal and depressive symptoms in young adults. Psychosom Med.2021;83(7):693-9.
228. 228..
     Ortega MA,Alvarez-Mon MA,García-Montero C,Fraile-Martinez O,Gui-jarro LG,Lahera G, et al. Gut microbiota metabolites in major depressive disorder-deep insights into their pathophysiological role and potential translational applications. Metabolites. 2022;12(1):50.
229. 229..
     Ortega MA,Álvarez-Mon MA,García-Montero C,Fraile-Martínez Ó,Monserrat J,Martinez-Rozas L, et al. Microbiota–gut–brain axis mechanisms in the complex network of bipolar disorders: potential clinical implications and translational opportunities. Mol Psychiatry.2023;28(7):2645-73.
230. 230..
     Kuźnicki P,Kempiński R,Neubauer K. The emerging role of mood disorders in inflammatory bowel diseases. Adv Clin Exp Med.2020;29(12):1505-10.
231. 231..
     Silva YP,Bernardi A,Frozza RL. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front Endocrinol (Laus-anne). 2020;11:25.
232. 232..
     van de Wouw M,Boehme M,Lyte JM,Wiley N,Strain C,O’Sullivan O, et al. Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain–gut axis alterations. J Physiol. 2018;596(20):4923-44.
233. 233..
     Gao K,Mu CL,Farzi A,Zhu WY. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(3):709-23.
234. 234..
     Alkhalaf LM,Ryan KS. Biosynthetic manipulation of tryptophan in bacteria: pathways and mechanisms. Chem Biol. 2015;22(3):317-28.
235. 235..
     Kaur H,Bose C,Mande SS. Tryptophan metabolism by gut microbiome and gut-brain-axis: an in silico analysis. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1365.
236. 236..
     Badawy AAB. Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabo-lism: regulatory and functional aspects. Int J Tryptophan Res.2017;10:1178646917691938.
237. 237..
     Dantzer R. Role of the kynurenine metabolism pathway in inflamma-tion-induced depression—preclinical approaches. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;31:117.
238. 238..
     Zhang P,Huang H,Gao X,Jiang J,Xi C,Wu L, et al. Involvement of kynurenine metabolism in bipolar disorder: an updated review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 677039.
239. 239..
     Marx W,McGuinness AJ,Rocks T,Ruusunen A,Cleminson J,Walker AJ, et al. The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar dis-order, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies. Mol Psychiatry.2021;26(8):4158-78.
240. 240..
     Więdłocha M,Marcinowicz P,Janoska-Jaździk M,Szulc A. Gut micro-biota, kynurenine pathway and mental disorders—review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;106: 110145.
241. 241..
     Wang Q,Liu D,Song P,Zou MH. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is dysregulated in inflammation, and immune activation. Front Biosci(Landmark Ed). 2015;20(7):1116-43.
242. 242..
     Neavin DR,Liu D,Ray B,Weinshilboum RM. The role of the aryl hydro-carbon receptor (AHR) in immune and inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(12):3851.
243. 243..
     Brown SJ,Huang XF,Newell KA. The kynurenine pathway in major depression: what we know and where to next. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.2021;127:917-27.
244. 244..
     Dantzer R,Walker AK. Is there a role for glutamate-mediated excitotox-icity in inflammation-induced depression? J Neural Transm (Vienna).2014;121(8):925.
245. 245..
     Ervin SM,Li H,Lim L,Roberts LR,Liang X,Mani S, et al. Gut microbial β-glucuronidases reactivate estrogens as components of the estrobo-lome that reactivate estrogens. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(49):18586-99.
246. 246..
     Zaman R,Hankir A,Jemni M. Lifestyle factors and mental health. Psychi-atr Danub. 2019;31:217-20.
247. 247..
     Fraile-Martinez O,Alvarez-Mon MA,Garcia-Montero C,Pekarek L,Gui-jarro LG,Lahera G, et al. Understanding the basis of major depressive disorder in oncological patients: biological links, clinical management, challenges, and lifestyle medicine. Front Oncol. 2022;12: 956923.
248. 248..
     Barrea L,Muscogiuri G,Frias-Toral E,Laudisio D,Pugliese G,Castellucci B, et al. Nutrition and immune system: from the Mediterranean diet to dietary supplementary through the microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2021;61(18):1-25.
249. 249..
     Roselli M,Canali R,Finamore A,Ghiselli A,Devirgiliis C,Roselli M, et al. Immune system, gut microbiota and diet: an interesting and emerging trialogue. Immunology of the GI Tract - Recent Advances. 2022. .
250. 250..
     Burr AHP,Bhattacharjee A,Hand TW. Nutritional modulation of the microbiome and immune response. J Immunol. 2020;205(6):1479.
251. 251..
     Stanga Z,Field J,Iff S,Stucki A,Lobo DN,Allison SP. The effect of nutri-tional management on the mood of malnourished patients. Clin Nutr.2007;26(3):379-82.
252. 252..
     López-Taboada I,González-Pardo H,Conejo NM. Western diet: implica-tions for brain function and behavior. Front Psychol. 2020;11:23.
253. 253..
     Parker GB,Brotchie H,Graham RK. Vitamin D and depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:56-61.
254. 254..
     Davison KM,Kaplan BJ. Vitamin and mineral intakes in adults with mood disorders: comparisons to nutrition standards and associa-tions with sociodemographic and clinical variables. J Am Coll Nutr.2011;30(6):547-58.
255. 255..
     Wang J,Um P,Dickerman BA,Liu J. Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and impli-cations. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):584.
256. 256..
     Rao TSS,Asha MR,Ramesh BN,Rao KSJ. Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses. Indian J Psychiatry. 2008;50(2):77.
257. 257..
     Penckofer S,Kouba J,Byrn M,Estwing FC. Vitamin D and depression:where is all the sunshine? Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2010;31(6):385.
258. 258..
     Ortega MA,Fraile-Martínez Ó,García-Montero C,Alvarez-Mon MA,Lahera G,Monserrat J, et al. Nutrition, epigenetics, and major depressive disorder: understanding the connection. Front Nutr. 2022;9: 867150.
259. 259..
     Oh J,Yun K,Chae JH,Kim TS. Association between macronutrients intake and depression in the United States and South Korea. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:207.
260. 260..
     Sánchez-Villegas A,Verberne L,de Irala J,Ruíz-Canela M,Toledo E,Serra-Majem L, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of depression: the SUN Project. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(1): e16268.
261. 261..
     Healy-Stoffel M,Levant B. N-3 (omega-3) fatty acids: effects on brain dopamine systems and potential role in the etiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets.2018;17(3):216.
262. 262..
     Innes JK,Calder PC. Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglan-dins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-8.
263. 263..
     Dinicolantonio JJ,O’keefe J,O’keefe JH. The importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases, asthma, and allergies. Mo Med. 2021;118(5):453.
264. 264..
     Alim NE,Demir G,Dundar S,Fidan ÖPT,Coker F. Evaluation of nutrient intake in bipolar disorder i patients according to body mass index level:a pilot study. Progr Nutr. 2020;22(3): e2020039.
265. 265..
     Firth J,Stubbs B,Teasdale SB,Ward PB,Veronese N,Shivappa N, et al. Diet as a hot topic in psychiatry: a population-scale study of nutritional intake and inflammatory potential in severe mental illness. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):365.
266. 266..
     Dickerson F,Gennusa JV,Stallings C,Origoni A,Katsafanas E,Sweeney K, et al. Protein intake is associated with cognitive functioning in individu-als with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284: 112700.
267. 267..
     Li Y,Zhang C,Li S,Zhang D. Association between dietary protein intake and the risk of depressive symptoms in adults. Br J Nutr.2020;123(11):1290-301.
268. 268..
     Rp P,Bn A. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 2015;29(6):2207-22.
269. 269..
     Marx W,Lane M,Hockey M,Aslam H,Berk M,Walder K, et al. Diet and depression: exploring the biological mechanisms of action. Mol Psy-chiatry. 2020;26(1):134-50.
270. 270..
     Health Promotion. . Accessed 12 April 2023.
271. 271..
     Physical inactivity. . Accessed 12 April 2023.
272. 272..
     Park JH,Moon JH,Kim HJ,Kong MH,Oh YH. Sedentary lifestyle: over-view of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean J Fam Med.2020;41(6):365.
273. 273..
     Stubbs B,Vancampfort D,Firth J,Schuch FB,Hallgren M,Smith L, et al. Relationship between sedentary behavior and depression: A mediation analysis of influential factors across the lifespan among 42,469 people in low- and middle-income countries. J Affect Disord. 2018;229:231-8.
274. 274..
     Vancampfort D,Firth J,Schuch FB,Rosenbaum S,Mugisha J,Hallgren M, et al. Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder:a global systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry.2017;16(3):308-15.
275. 275..
     Øyane NM,Ursin R,Pallesen S,Holsten F,Bjorvatn B. Increased health risk in subjects with high self-reported seasonality. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(3):e9498.
276. 276..
     Henson J,Yates T,Edwardson CL,Khunti K,Talbot D,Gray LJ, et al. Sed-entary time and markers of chronic low-grade inflammation in a high risk population. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10): e78350.
277. 277..
     Fischer CP,Berntsen A,Perstrup LB,Eskildsen P,Pedersen BK. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports.2007;17(5):580-7.
278. 278..
     Burini RC,Anderson E,Durstine JL,Carson JA. Inflammation, physical activity, and chronic disease: an evolutionary perspective. Sports Med Health Sci. 2020;2(1):1-6.
279. 279..
     Silverman MN,Deuster PA. Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience. Interface Focus.2014;4(5):2014004.
280. 280..
     Murawska-Ciałowicz E,Wiatr M,Ciałowicz M,de Assis GG,Borowicz W,Rocha-Rodrigues S, et al. BDNF impact on biological markers of depres-sion—role of physical exercise and training. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14):7553.
281. 281..
     Aya V,Flórez A,Perez L,Ramírez JD. Association between physical activity and changes in intestinal microbiota composition: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(2): e0247039.
282. 282..
     Besedovsky L,Lange T,Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers. Archiv. 2012;463(1):121.
283. 283..
     Rumble ME,White KH,Benca RM. Sleep disturbances in mood disor-ders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2015;38(4):743-59.
284. 284..
     Harvey AG. Sleep and circadian functioning: critical mechanisms in the mood disorders? Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:297-319.
285. 285..
     Freeman D,Sheaves B,Waite F,Harvey AG,Harrison PJ. Sleep distur-bance and psychiatric disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):628-37.
286. 286..
     Tähkämö L,Partonen T,Pesonen AK. Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm. Chronobiol Int.2019;36(2):151-70.
287. 287..
     Hu L,Li G,Shu Y,Hou X,Yang L,Jin Y. Circadian dysregulation induces alterations of visceral sensitivity and the gut microbiota in light/dark phase shift mice. Front Microbiol. 2022;13: 935919.
288. 288..
     Fonken LK,Frank MG,Kitt MM,Barrientos RM,Watkins LR,Maier SF. Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circa-dian clock. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;45:171.
289. 289..
     Irwin MR. Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(11):702-15.
290. 290..
     Greenberg S,Rosenblum KL,McInnis MG,Muzik M. The role of social relationships in bipolar disorder: a review. Psychiatry Res.2014;219(2):248-54.
291. 291..
     Teo AR,Choi HJ,Valenstein M. Social relationships and depression:ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS ONE.2013;8(4): e62396.
292. 292..
     Umberson D,Karas MJ. Social relationships and health: a flashpoint for health policy. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51(Suppl):S54.
293. 293..
     Boen CE,Barrow DA,Bensen JT,Farnan L,Gerstel A,Hendrix LH, et al. Social relationships, inflammation, and cancer survival. Cancer Epide-miol Biomarkers Prev. 2018;27(5):541.
294. 294..
     Leschak CJ,Eisenberger NI. Two distinct immune pathways linking social relationships with health: inflammatory and antiviral processes. Psychosom Med. 2019;81(8):711.
295. 295..
     Bajaj A,John-Henderson NA,Cundiff JM,Marsland AL,Manuck SB,Kamarck TW. Daily social interactions, close relationships, and systemic inflammation in two samples: healthy middle-aged and older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;58:152-64.
296. 296..
     Kennedy DP,Adolphs R. The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16(11):559.
297. 297..
     Kent ST,McClure LA,Crosson WL,Arnett DK,Wadley VG,Sathiakumar N. Effect of sunlight exposure on cognitive function among depressed and non-depressed participants: a REGARDS cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2009;8(1):34.
298. 298..
     Jimenez MP,Deville NV,Elliott EG,Schiff JE,Wilt GE,Hart JE, et al. Asso-ciations between nature exposure and health: a review of the evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4790.
299. 299..
     Bertani DE,De Novellis AMP,Farina R,Latella E,Meloni M,Scala C, et al. “Shedding Light on Light”: a review on the effects on mental health of exposure to optical radiation. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2021;18(4):1-16.
300. 300..
     Sansone R,Sansone L. Sunshine, serotonin, and skin: a partial explana-tion for seasonal patterns in psychopathology? Innov Clin Neurosci.2013;10:20-4.
301. 301..
     Mead MN. Benefits of sunlight: a bright spot for human health. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(4):A160.
302. 302..
     Li Q. Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Environ Health Prev Med. 2010;15(1):9-17.
303. 303..
     Benedetti F,Zanardi R,Mazza MG. Antidepressant psychopharma-cology: is inflammation a future target? Int Clin Psychopharmacol.2022;37(3):79-81.
304. 304..
     Tolentino JC,Schmidt SL. DSM-5 criteria and depression severity: impli-cations for clinical practice. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:450.
305. 305..
     Muneer A. Mixed states in bipolar disorder: etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Chonnam Med J. 2017;53(1):1-13.
306. 306..
     Qureshi NA,Al-Bedah MA. Mood disorders and complementary and alternative medicine: a literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2013;9:639-58.
307. 307..
     Hashioka S,McGeer P,Monji A,Kanba S. Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants: possibilities for preventives against Alzheimer’s disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2009;9(1):12-9.
308. 308..
     Gałecki P,Mossakowska-Wójcik J,Talarowska M. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of antidepressants—SSRIs. SNRIs Prog Neuropsychophar-macol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;80:291-4.
309. 309..
     Macedo D,Filho AJMC,Soares de Sousa CN,Quevedo J,Barichello T,Júnior HVN, et al. Antidepressants, antimicrobials or both? Gut microbiota dysbiosis in depression and possible implications of the antimicrobial effects of antidepressant drugs for antidepressant effec-tiveness. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:22-32.
310. 310..
     Rogers MAM,Greene MT,Young VB,Saint S,Langa KM,Kao JY, et al. Depression, antidepressant medications, and risk of Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Med. 2013;11:121.
311. 311..
     Więdłocha M,Marcinowicz P,Krupa R,Janoska-Jaździk M,Janus M,Dębowska W, et al. Effect of antidepressant treatment on peripheral inflammation markers - a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;80(Pt C):217-26.
312. 312..
     Chen CY,Yeh YW,Kuo SC,Liang CS,Ho PS,Huang CC, et al. Differences in immunomodulatory properties between venlafaxine and paroxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology.2018;87:108-18.
313. 313..
     Lee CH,Giuliani F. The role of inflammation in depression and fatigue. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1696.
314. 314..
     Arteaga-Henríquez G,Simon MS,Burger B,Weidinger E,Wijkhuijs A,Arolt V, et al. Low-grade inflammation as a predictor of antidepressant and anti-inflammatory therapy response in MDD patients: a systematic review of the literature in combination with an analysis of experimental data collected in the EU-MOODINFLAME consortium. Front Psychiatry.2019;10:458.
315. 315..
     Pandurangi AK,Buckley PF. Inflammation, antipsychotic drugs, and evi-dence for effectiveness of anti-inflammatory agents in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2020;44:227-44.
316. 316..
     Al-Amin MM,Uddin MMN,Reza HM. Effects of antipsychotics on the inflammatory response system of patients with schizophrenia in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2013;11(3):144-51.
317. 317..
     McNamara RK,Lotrich FE. Elevated immune-inflammatory signaling in mood disorders: a new therapeutic target? Expert review of neuro-therapeutics. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12(9):1143-61.
318. 318..
     Lieb J. Lithium and immune function. Med Hypotheses.1987;23(1):73-93.
319. 319..
     Maddu N,Raghavendra PB. Review of lithium effects on immune cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2015;37(2):111-25.
320. 320..
     Huang S,Hu S,Liu S,Tang B,Liu Y,Tang L, et al. Lithium carbonate allevi-ates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner. Pharmacol Res. 2022;175: 105992.
321. 321..
     Wittenberg GM,Stylianou A,Zhang Y,Sun Y,Gupta A,Jagannatha PS, et al. Effects of immunomodulatory drugs on depressive symptoms:a mega-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in inflammatory disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(6):1275-85.
322. 322..
     Lopresti AL. Cognitive behaviour therapy and inflammation: a system-atic review of its relationship and the potential implications for the treatment of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(6):565-82.
323. 323..
     Ma H,Xu J,Li R,McIntyre RS,Teopiz KM,Cao B, et al. The impact of cognitive behavioral therapy on peripheral interleukin-6 levels in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry.2022;13:740.
324. 324..
     Cao B,Li R,Ding L,Xu J,Ma H,Liu J, et al. Protocol: Does cognitive behaviour therapy affect peripheral inflammation of depression?A protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open.2021;11(12):48162.
325. 325..
     Black DS,Slavich GM. Mindfulness meditation and the immune system:a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2016;1373(1):13.
326. 326..
     Sanada K,Montero-Marin J,Barceló-Soler A,Ikuse D,Ota M,Hirata A, et al. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers and low-grade inflammation in patients with psychiatric disorders: a meta-analytic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2484.
327. 327..
     Househam A,Peterson C,Mills P,Chopra D. The effects of stress and meditation on the immune system, human microbiota, and epigenet-ics. Adv Mind Body Med. 2017;31:10-25.
328. 328..
     Firth J,Marx W,Dash S,Carney R,Teasdale SB,Solmi M, et al. The effects of dietary improvement on symptoms of depression and anxiety:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med.2019;81(3):265-80.
329. 329..
     Xu Y,Zeng L,Zou K,Shan S,Wang X,Xiong J, et al. Role of dietary factors in the prevention and treatment for depression: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):478.
330. 330..
     Belzung C,Lemoine M. Criteria of validity for animal models of psychi-atric disorders: focus on anxiety disorders and depression. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2011;1(1):9.
331. 331..
     Li Y,Lv MR,Wei YJ,Sun L,Zhang JX,Zhang HG, et al. Dietary patterns and depression risk: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2017;253:373-82.
332. 332..
     Das L,Bhaumik E,Raychaudhuri U,Chakraborty R. Role of nutraceuticals in human health. J Food Sci Technol. 2012;49(2):173-83.
333. 333..
     Alvarez-Mon MA,Ortega MA,García-Montero C,Fraile-Martinez O,Monserrat J,Lahera G, et al. Exploring the role of nutraceuticals in major depressive disorder (MDD): rationale, state of the art and future prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(8):821.
334. 334..
     Ashton MM,Kavanagh BE,Marx W,Berk M,Sarris J,Ng CH, et al. A sys-tematic review of nutraceuticals for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2021;66(3):262.
335. 335..
     Sarris J,Murphy J,Mischoulon D,Papakostas GI,Fava M,Berk M, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):575-87.
336. 336..
     Travica N,Teasdale S,Marx W. Nutraceuticals in mood disorders: current knowledge and future directions. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36(1):54-9.
337. 337..
     Guo W,Kong EH,Meydani M. Dietary polyphenols, inflammation, and cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(6):807-10.
338. 338..
     Cetrullo S,D’Adamo S,Tantini B,Borzì RM,Flamigni F. mTOR, AMPK, and Sirt1: key players in metabolic stress management. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2015;25(1):59-75.
339. 339..
     Smith RL,Soeters MR,Wüst RCI,Houtkooper RH. Metabolic flexibility as an adaptation to energy resources and requirements in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(4):489-517.
340. 340..
     González R,Ballester I,López-Posadas R,Suárez MD,Zarzuelo A,Martínez-Augustin O, et al. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51(4):331-62.
341. 341..
     Zhang X,Shao J,Cui Q,Ni W,Yang Y,Yan B. Bioactivities of dietary poly-phenols and their effects on intestinal microbiota. Mini Rev Med Chem.2023;23(3):361-77.
342. 342..
     Wang X,Yu J,Zhang X. Dietary polyphenols as prospective natural-compound depression treatment from the perspective of intestinal microbiota regulation. Molecules. 2022;27(21):7637.
343. 343..
     Aguilera JM. The food matrix: implications in processing, nutrition and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(22):3612-29.
344. 344..
     Mozaffarian D. Dairy foods, obesity, and metabolic health: the role of the food matrix compared with single nutrients. Adv Nutr.2019;10(5):917S-923S.
345. 345..
     Li F,Liu X,Zhang D. Fish consumption and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(3):299-304.
346. 346..
     Yang Y,Kim Y,Je Y. Fish consumption and risk of depression: epide-miological evidence from prospective studies. Asia Pac Psychiatry.2018;10(4): e12335.
347. 347..
     Noaghiul S,Hibbeln JR. Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry.2003;160(12):2222-7.
348. 348..
     Zhang Y,Garrett S,Carroll RE,Xia Y,Sun J. Vitamin D receptor upregu-lates tight junction protein claudin-5 against colitis-associated tumori-genesis. Mucosal Immunol. 2022;15(4):683.
349. 349..
     Krishna SM. Vitamin D as a protector of arterial health: potential role in peripheral arterial disease formation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4907.
350. 350..
     Ortega MA,Fraile-Martínez Ó,García-Montero C,Alvarez-Mon MA,Lahera G,Monserrat J, et al. Biological role of nutrients, food and dietary patterns in the prevention and clinical management of major depres-sive disorder. Nutrient. 2022;14(15):3099.
351. 351..
     Tsigalou C,Konstantinidis T,Paraschaki A,Stavropoulou E,Voidarou C,Bezirtzoglou E. Mediterranean diet as a tool to combat inflammation and chronic diseases an overview. Biomedicines. 2020;8(7):201.
352. 352..
     Serra-Majem L,Román-Viñas B,Sanchez-Villegas A,Guasch-Ferré M,Corella D,La Vecchia C. Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: epidemio-logical and molecular aspects. Mol Aspects Med. 2019;67:1-55.
353. 353..
     Itsiopoulos C,Mayr HL,Thomas CJ. The anti-inflammatory effects of a Mediterranean diet: a review. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.2022;25(6):415-22.
354. 354..
     Sears B. Anti-inflammatory diets. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(Suppl 1):14-21.
355. 355..
     Madani S,Ahmadi A,Shoaei-Jouneghani F,Moazen M,Sasani N. The relationship between the Mediterranean diet and axis I disorders: a systematic review of observational studies. Food Sci Nutr.2022;10(10):3241-58.
356. 356..
     Łojko D,Stelmach-Mardas M,Suwalska A. Diet quality and eating patterns in euthymic bipolar patients. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.2019;23(3):1221-38.
357. 357..
     Grandjean EL,van Zonneveld SM,Sommer IEC,Haarman BCM. Anti-inflammatory dietary patterns to treat bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord.2022;311:254-5.
358. 358..
     Tolkien K,Bradburn S,Murgatroyd C. An anti-inflammatory diet as a potential intervention for depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(5):2045-52.
359. 359..
     Shafiei F,Salari-Moghaddam A,Larijani B,Esmaillzadeh A. Adher-ence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Rev.2019;77(4):230-9.
360. 360..
     Fu J,Zheng Y,Gao Y,Xu W. Dietary fiber intake and gut microbiota in human health. Microorganisms. 2022;10(12):2507.
361. 361..
     Cronin P,Joyce SA,O’Toole PW,O’Connor EM. Dietary fibre modulates the gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1655.
362. 362..
     Reid G. Probiotics: definition, scope and mechanisms of action. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016;30(1):17-25.
363. 363..
     Sarkar A,Lehto SM,Harty S,Dinan TG,Cryan JF,Burnet PWJ. Psycho-biotics and the manipulation of bacteria–gut–brain signals. Trends Neurosci. 2016;39(11):763.
364. 364..
     Reiter A,Bengesser SA,Hauschild AC,Birkl-Töglhofer AM,Fellendorf FT,Platzer M, et al. Interleukin-6 gene expression changes after a 4-week intake of a multispecies probiotic in major depressive disorder-prelimi-nary results of the PROVIT study. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):1-18.
365. 365..
     Eskandarzadeh S,Effatpanah M,Khosravi-Darani K,Askari R,Hosseini AF,Reisian M, et al. Efficacy of a multispecies probiotic as adjunctive therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2021;24(2):102-8.
366. 366..
     Steenbergen L,Sellaro R,van Hemert S,Bosch JA,Colzato LS. A rand-omized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:258-64.
367. 367..
     Papalini S,Michels F,Kohn N,Wegman J,van Hemert S,Roelofs K, et al. Stress matters: randomized controlled trial on the effect of probiotics on neurocognition. Neurobiol Stress. 2018;10: 100141.
368. 368..
     Duriancik DM,Lackey DE,Hoag KA. Vitamin A as a regulator of antigen presenting cells. J Nutr. 2010;140(8):1395-9.
369. 369..
     Sirisinha S. The pleiotropic role of vitamin A in regulating mucosal immunity. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2015;33(2):71-89.
370. 370..
     Vindigni SM,Surawicz CM. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Gastroen-terol Clin North Am. 2017;46(1):171-85.
371. 371..
     Gupta S,Allen-Vercoe E,Petrof EO. Fecal microbiota transplantation: in perspective. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9(2):229-39.
372. 372..
     Doll JPK,Vázquez-Castellanos JF,Schaub AC,Schweinfurth N,Kettel-hack C,Schneider E, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an adjunctive therapy for depression-case report. Front Psychiatry.2022;13: 815422.
373. 373..
     Hinton R. A case report looking at the effects of faecal microbiota transplantation in a patient with bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry.2020;54(6):649-50.
374. 374..
     Wang JW,Kuo CH,Kuo FC,Wang YK,Hsu WH,Yu FJ, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation: review and update. J Formos Med Assoc.2019;118:S23-31.
375. 375..
     Chinna Meyyappan A,Forth E,Wallace CJK,Milev R. Effect of fecal microbiota transplant on symptoms of psychiatric disorders: a system-atic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):299.
376. 376..
     Kvam S,Kleppe CL,Nordhus IH,Hovland A. Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:67-86.
377. 377..
     Wang X,Cai ZD,Jiang WT,Fang YY,Sun WX,Wang X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adoles-cents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16(1):1-19.
378. 378..
     Murri MB,Ekkekakis P,Magagnoli M,Zampogna D,Cattedra S,Capobi-anco L, et al. Physical exercise in major depression: reducing the mortal-ity gap while improving clinical outcomes. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:762.
379. 379..
     Melo MCA,Daher EDF,Albuquerque SGC,De Bruin VMS. Exercise in bipolar patients: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2016;198:32-8.
380. 380..
     Blake H. Physical activity and exercise in the treatment of depression. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:106.
381. 381..
     Van Citters AD,Pratt SI,Jue K,Williams G,Miller PT,Xie H, et al. A pilot evaluation of the in SHAPE individualized health promotion inter-vention for adults with mental illness. Community Ment Health J.2010;46(6):540-52.
382. 382..
     Cramer H,Lauche R,Langhorst J,Dobos G. Yoga for depres-sion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety.2013;30(11):1068-83.
383. 383..
     Lim EJ,Park JE. The effects of Pilates and yoga participant’s on engage-ment in functional movement and individual health level. J Exerc Rehabil. 2019;15(4):553.
384. 384..
     Lim EJ,Hyun EJ. The impacts of pilates and yoga on health-promoting behaviors and subjective health status. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2021;18(7):3802.
385. 385..
     Hofmann SG,Andreoli G,Carpenter JK,Curtiss J. Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(10):620-7.
386. 386..
     Uebelacker LA,Weinstock LM,Kraines MA. Self-reported benefits and risks of yoga in individuals with bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Pract.2014;20(5):345-52.
387. 387..
     Jean M,Umair M,Muddaloor P,Farinango M,Ansary A,Dakka A, et al. The effects of yoga on bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Cureus.2022;14(8): e27688.
388. 388..
     Estevao C. The role of yoga in inflammatory markers. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;20: 100421.
389. 389..
     Martínez-Sánchez SM,Martínez-García C,Martínez-García TE,Munguía-Izquierdo D. Psychopathology, body image and quality of life in female children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study on the acceptability of a pilates program. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:1054.
390. 390..
     Hao M,Liu X,Wang Y,Wu Q,Yan W,Hao Y. The associations between body dissatisfaction, exercise intensity, sleep quality, and depres-sion in university students in southern China. Front Psychiatry.2023;14:1118855.
391. 391..
     Chae SM,Kang HS,Ra JS. Body esteem is a mediator of the association between physical activity and depression in Korean adolescents. Appl Nurs Res. 2017;33:42-8.
392. 392..
     Briguglio M,Vitale JA,Galentino R,Banfi G,Dina CZ,Bona A, et al. Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Sleep Hygiene (HEPAS) as the winning triad for sustaining physical and mental health in patients at risk for or with neuropsychiatric disorders: considerations for clinical practice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:55.
393. 393..
     Dolsen MR,Soehner AM,Harvey AG. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, mood, and sleep in interepisode bipolar disorder and insomnia: a pilot study with implications for psychosocial interventions. Psychosom Med. 2018;80(1):87.
394. 394..
     Kim H,Jung HR,Bin Kim J,Kim DJ. Autonomic dysfunction in sleep dis-orders: from neurobiological basis to potential therapeutic approaches. J Clin Neurol. 2022;18(2):140.
395. 395..
     Marx W,Manger SH,Blencowe M,Murray G,Ho FYY,Lawn S, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of lifestyle-based mental health care in major depressive disorder: world federation of societies for biologi-cal psychiatry (WFSBP) and australasian society of lifestyle medicine(ASLM) taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24(5):333-86.
396. 396..
     Kolar D. Current status of electroconvulsive therapy for mood disorders:a clinical review. Evid Based Ment Health. 2017;20(1):12-4.
397. 397..
     Voineskos D,Daskalakis ZJ,Blumberger DM. Management of treatment-resistant depression: challenges and strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:221.
398. 398..
     Rojas M,Ariza D,Ortega Á,Riaño-Garzón ME,Chávez-Castillo M,Pérez JL, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatric disorders: a narrative review exploring neuroendocrine-immune therapeutic mechanisms and clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):6918.
399. 399..
     Fluitman SBAHA,Heijnen CJ,Denys DAJP,Nolen WA,Balk FJ,Westen-berg HGM. Electroconvulsive therapy has acute immunological and neuroendocrine effects in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):388-92.
400. 400..
     Kruse JL,Congdon E,Olmstead R,Njau S,Breen EC,Narr KL, et al. Inflammation and improvement of depression following electrocon-vulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry.2018;79(2):17m11597.
401. 401..
     Kruse JL,Olmstead R,Hellemann G,Wade B,Jiang J,Vasavada MM, et al. Inflammation and depression treatment response to electroconvulsive therapy: sex-specific role of interleukin-8. Brain Behav Immun.2020;89:59-66.
402. 402..
     Andreou B,Reid B,Lyall AE,Cetin-Karayumak S,Kubicki A,Espinoza R, et al. Longitudinal trajectory of response to electroconvulsive therapy associated with transient immune response and white matter alteration post-stimulation. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):191.
403. 403..
     Şahin ŞK,Yaşamalı C,Berkay Özyürek M,Elboğa G,Altındağ A,Elmalı E, et al. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on subclinical inflamma-tion in bipolar disorders. J Surg Med. 2019;3(11):793-5.
404. 404..
     Kargar M,Yousefi A,Mojtahedzadeh M,Akhondzadeh S,Artounian V,Abdollahi A, et al. Effects of celecoxib on inflammatory mark-ers in bipolar patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study. Swiss Med Wkly.2014;144(0708): w13880.
405. 405..
     Anderson G. Why are aging and stress associated with dementia, cancer, and other diverse medical conditions? Role of pineal melatonin interactions with the HPA axis in mitochondrial regulation via BAG-1. Melatonin Res. 2023;6(3):34571.
406. 406..
     Hua G,Zein N,Daubeuf F,Chambon P. Glucocorticoid receptor modulators CpdX and CpdX-D3 exhibit the same in vivo antiinflam-matory activities as synthetic glucocorticoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2019;116(28):14191-9.
407. 407..
     Zhou R,Gray NA,Yuan P,Li X,Chen J,Chen G, et al. The anti-apoptotic, glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone protein BAG-1 is a long-term target for the actions of mood stabilizers. J Neurosci.2005;25(18):4493-502.
408. 408..
     Luo S,Hou Y,Zhang Y,Feng L,Hunter RG,Yuan P, et al. Bag-1 mediates glucocorticoid receptor trafficking to mitochondria after corticosterone stimulation: potential role in regulating affective resilience. J Neuro-chem. 2021;158(2):358-72.