Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer diagnosis: advancing conventional treatment strategies

Ankit Paul; Tarun Kumar Upadhyay; Adil Ali; Hemant Singh; Mohd Saeed; Farrukh Aqil

doi:10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100018

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Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer diagnosis: advancing conventional treatment strategies

REVIEW | Updated：2026-05-11

- Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer diagnosis: advancing conventional treatment strategies
- Military Medical Research (2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India
  Biological Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
  Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
  Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, PO BOX 2240, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  Department of Medicine, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Author bio：
  
  Tarun Kumar Upadhyay, tarun_bioinfo@yahoo.co.in; tarun.upadhyay35971@paruluniversity.ac.in
  *Corresponding authors: Farrukh Aqil, farrukh.aqil@louisville.edu;
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100018
  CLC：
- Received：10 July 2025，
  
  Accepted：06 March 2026，
  
  Published：2026-04
- Accepted：
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Paul A, Upadhyay TK, Ali A, Singh H, Saeed M, Aqil F. Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer diagnosis: advancing conventional treatment strategies. Mil Med Res. 2026;13(1):100018.
DOI：

Paul A, Upadhyay TK, Ali A, Singh H, Saeed M, Aqil F. Salivary biomarkers in oral cancer diagnosis: advancing conventional treatment strategies. Mil Med Res. 2026;13(1):100018. DOI： 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100018.

摘要

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major global health challenge

with most cases being diagnosed at advanced stages. Traditional diagnostic methods are often invasive and costly

and can delay diagnosis. Saliva has emerged as a promising non-invasive source of biomarkers for OSCC detection. This highlights the need for accessible

non-invasive

and sensitive biomarkers for OSCC detection. This review critically evaluates the current status and future potential of salivary biomarkers in OSCC

with an emphasis on their diagnostic efficacy

sensitivity

specificity

clinical validation

and advantages over traditional serum- and plasma-based markers. Saliva is a promising liquid for biopsy due to its non-invasive collection and molecular richness. We summarize evidence on diverse salivary biomarkers

including microRNAs (miRNAs)

proteins

metabolites

circulating tumor cells (CTCs)

and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)

highlighting their dysregulation in OSCC and diagnostic utility. Particular emphasis is placed on CTCs

ctDNA

and miRNAs

which demonstrate stability in saliva and potential for early detection. We further discuss advances in next-generation sequencing

mass spectrometry

and artificial intelligence/machine learning that enable the development of biomarker panels with improved diagnostic accuracy over single markers. Despite challenges such as sample heterogeneity and the lack of standardized protocols

salivary biomarkers hold strong potential to transform OSCC care by enabling earlier detection

guiding personalized therapies

and supporting non-invasive disease monitoring. However

achieving methodological standardization

validating biomarkers across diverse cohorts

and integrating them into clinical workflows are imperative before their routine application in practice.

关键词

Keywords

references

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