Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230000, China
Department of Radiology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
Department of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China
Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
The Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100000, China
Department of Neonatology, Children Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
* Chao-Qing Xu xucq@hzcu.edu.cn
Zai-Yi Liu liuzaiyi@gdph.org.cn
Jing Zhang jzhang1989@zju.edu.cn
Kai Yan fhyankai@gmail.com
Zun-Lei Feng zunleifeng@zju.edu.cn
收稿:2025-05-11,
录用:2025-11-26,
网络首发:2026-01-04,
纸质出版:2026-06
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Xiu-Ming Zhang, Tian-Hong Gao, Qiu-Yu Cai, 等. Artificial intelligence in digital pathology diagnosis and analysis: technologies,challenges, and future prospects[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026,13(6):991-1029.
Xiu-Ming Zhang, Tian-Hong Gao, Qiu-Yu Cai, et al. Artificial intelligence in digital pathology diagnosis and analysis: technologies,challenges, and future prospects[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026, 13(6): 991-1029.
Xiu-Ming Zhang, Tian-Hong Gao, Qiu-Yu Cai, 等. Artificial intelligence in digital pathology diagnosis and analysis: technologies,challenges, and future prospects[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026,13(6):991-1029. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-025-00680-6.
Xiu-Ming Zhang, Tian-Hong Gao, Qiu-Yu Cai, et al. Artificial intelligence in digital pathology diagnosis and analysis: technologies,challenges, and future prospects[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026, 13(6): 991-1029. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-025-00680-6.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential in pathology
where histopathological images remain the diagnostic gold standard due to their rich morphological and molecular information. While the rapid development of AI-driven computational pathology tools is revolutionizing disease interpretation
these technologies have not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore
this review systematically evaluates AI applications across the diagnostic continuum
from image preprocessing and tumor classification to prognostic stratification and the discovery of predictive biomarkers. It presents a technical taxonomy of the algorithms and foundation models powering these applications
benchmarking their performance across diverse diagnostic tasks through rigorous comparative analyses. It also identifies critical challenges in clinical translation
including computational scaling
noisy annotations
interpretability gaps
and domain shifts. Finally
it proposes a roadmap for advancing AI applications in precision oncology and pathological research. By bridging technological innovation with clinical needs
this review aims to accelerate the integration of robust
unified
scalable AI solutions into diagnostic workflows.
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