1.Department of Laboratory Medicine/Clinical Laboratory Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
2.Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
3.West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
4.Department of Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid SurgeryWest China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
5.Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
* Jie Chen chenjiewch@wchscu.cn
Bin-Wu Ying yingbinwu@wchscu.cn
收稿:2024-10-31,
录用:2025-09-28,
网络首发:2025-10-20,
纸质出版:2026-03
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Meng-Yuan Lyu, Hong-Li Lai, Hao-Ran Peng, 等. Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026,13(3):447-478.
Meng-Yuan Lyu, Hong-Li Lai, Hao-Ran Peng, et al. Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026, 13(3): 447-478.
Meng-Yuan Lyu, Hong-Li Lai, Hao-Ran Peng, 等. Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026,13(3):447-478. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-025-00655-7.
Meng-Yuan Lyu, Hong-Li Lai, Hao-Ran Peng, et al. Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: current strategies and future directions[J]. Military Medical Research, 2026, 13(3): 447-478. DOI: 10.1186/s40779-025-00655-7.
The worldwide dissemination of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) presents significant obstacles to conventional anti-TB treatment and prevention methods based on
bactericidal antimicrobial drugs
greatly impeding advancements in combating this most lethal disease. With growing insights into the immunopathogenesis of TB
we are increas-ingly recognizing the potential of immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the host. After invading the host
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
M. tuberculosis
) induces host cell exhaustion through its own molecules
such as early secretory antigen target-6 (ESAT-6) and di-O-acyl-trehalose
manifested as suppressed proliferative capacity
cytokine production
and cytotoxicity
thereby triggering the onset of TB. In response to this pathogenic mechanism
immuno-therapeutic strategies
including cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors
have been developed to promote cytokine production
activate immune cells to exhibit anti-TB activities such as autophagy
and restore immune home-ostasis
including the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses. These approaches have shown promise in restoring host immunity and demonstrating therapeutic effects against TB. However
a comprehensive evaluation of factors such as drug safety
optimal treatment duration
and others
is essential before these strategies can be integrated into routine clinical TB management. The advancement of immunotherapy has the potential to revolution-ize current TB management and provide further benefits to patients. This review aims to comprehensively explore the advancements in diverse TB immunotherapeutic strategies
including efficacy
safety
and administration methods
and to explore the challenges and prospects of TB immunotherapy.
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