A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities
A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities
- MMR 2024年11卷第2期 页码：228-267
- Affiliations：
1.Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
2.Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
3.Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain
4.Service of Rehabilitation, National Hospital for Paraplegic Patients, Carr. de la Peraleda, S/N, 45004 Toledo, Spain
5.Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Author bio：
*miguel.angel.ortega92@gmail.com
- Funds：the Fondo de Investigación de la Seguridad Social (Spain)(FIS PI-14/01935);the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III(PI051871;CIBERehd);the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(SAF2017-86343-R);the Comunidad de Madrid(P2022/BMD-7321);HALEKULANY S.L., PROACAPITAL and MJR
DOI：10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z
中图分类号：-
纸质出版：2024-04
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities[J]. MMR, 2024,11(2):228-267.
Cite this article as: Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Haro S, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, De Leon-Oliva D, et al. A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities. Mil Med Res. 2023;10(1):26.
A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities[J]. MMR, 2024,11(2):228-267. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z.
Cite this article as: Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Haro S, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, De Leon-Oliva D, et al. A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities. Mil Med Res. 2023;10(1):26. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z.
摘要
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and disabling medical condition generally caused by a traumatic event (primary injury). This initial trauma is accompanied by a set of biological mechanisms directed to ameliorate neural damage but also exacerbate initial damage (secondary injury). The alterations that occur in the spinal cord have not only local but also systemic consequences and virtually all organs and tissues of the body incur important changes after SCI
explaining the progression and detrimental consequences related to this condition. Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE) is a growing area of research aiming to integrate and explore the interactions among the different systems that compose the human organism
considering the mind and the body as a whole. The initial traumatic event and the consequent neurological disruption trigger immune
endocrine
and multisystem dysfunction
which in turn affect the patient's psyche and well-being. In the present review
we will explore the most important local and systemic consequences of SCI from a PNIE perspective
defining the changes occurring in each system and how all these mechanisms are interconnected. Finally
potential clinical approaches derived from this knowledge will also be collectively presented with the aim to develop integrative therapies to maximize the clinical management of these patients.
关键词
Keywords
references
Ahuja CS , Wilson JR , Nori S , Kotter MRN , Druschel C , Curt A , et al . Traumatic spinal cord injury . Nat Rev Dis Prim . 2017 ; 3 : 17018 .
Kang Y , Ding H , Zhou H , Wei Z , Liu L , Pan D , et al . Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review . J Neurorestoratol . 2017 ; 6 ( 1 ): 1 – 9 .
Ali ZS , Whitmore RG . Spinal cord injuries . In: O'Donnell , Nácul F (eds). Surgical Intensive Care Medicine . Springer , Cham . 2016 ; 181 – 93 .
Chen Y , Tang Y , Vogel LC , Devivo MJ . Causes of spinal cord injury . Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil . 2013 ; 19 ( 1 ): 1 – 8 .
Shimizu H , Yozu R . Current strategies for spinal cord protection during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair . Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 2011 ; 59 ( 3 ): 155 – 63 .
López-Dolado E . Nontraumatic myelopathies . Medicine-Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado . 2019 ; 12 ( 75 ): 4401 – 11 .
Alizadeh A , Dyck SM , Karimi-Abdolrezaee S . Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms . Front Neurol . 2019 ; 10 : 282 .
Roberts TT , Leonard GR , Cepela DJ . Classifications in brief: American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2017 ; 475 ( 5 ): 1499 – 504 .
Chiu WT , Lin HC , Lam C , Chu SF , Chiang YH , Tsai SH . Review paper: epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: comparisons between developed and developing countries . Asia Pac J Public Health . 2010 ; 22 ( 1 ): 9 – 18 .
Golestani A , Shobeiri P , Sadeghi-Naini M , Jazayeri SB , Maroufi SF , Ghodsi Z , et al . Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in developing countries from 2009 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Neuroepidemiology . 2022 ; 56 ( 4 ): 219 – 39 .
Selassie AW , Varma A , Saunders LL , Welldaregay W . Determinants of inhospital death after acute spinal cord injury: a population-based study . Spinal Cord . 2013 ; 51 ( 1 ): 48 – 54 .
Krause JS , Saunders LL . Risk of hospitalizations after spinal cord injury: relationship with biographic, injury, educational, and behavioral factors . Spinal Cord . 2009 ; 47 ( 9 ): 692 – 7 .
Cardenas DD , Hoffman JM , Kirshblum S , McKinley W . Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicenter analysis . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004 ; 85 ( 11 ): 1757 – 63 .
Lo J , Chan L , Flynn S . A systematic review of the incidence, prevalence, costs, and activity/work limitations of amputation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, stroke, and traumatic brain injury in the united states: a 2019 update . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2021 ; 102 ( 1 ): 115 – 31 .
França K , Lotti TM . Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology: a psychobiological concept . Adv Exp Med Biol . 2017 ; 996 : 123 – 34 .
North NT . The psychological effects of spinal cord injury: a review . Spinal Cord . 1999 ; 37 ( 1 ): 671 – 9 .
Anjum A , Yazid MD , Daud MF , Idris J , Hwei Ng AM , Naicker AS , et al . Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, multimolecular interactions, and underlying recovery mechanisms . Int J Mol Sci . 2020 ; 21 ( 20 ): 7533 .
Dumont RJ , Okonkwo DO , Verma S , Hurlbert RJ , Boulos PT , Ellegala DB , et al . Acute spinal cord injury, part I: pathophysiologic mechanisms . Clin Neuropharmacol . 2001 ; 24 ( 5 ): 254 – 64 .
Ditunno JF , Little JW , Tessler A , Burns AS . Spinal shock revisited: a fourphase model . Spinal Cord . 2004 ; 42 ( 7 ): 383 – 95 .
Kesani AK , Urquhart JC , Bedard N , Leelapattana P , Siddiqi F , Gurr KR , et al . Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in patients with spinal cord injury: does its presence at admission affect patient outcomes? Clinical article . J Neurosurg Spine . 2014 ; 21 ( 2 ): 296 – 302 .
Oyinbo CA . Secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury: a nugget of this multiply cascade . Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) . 2011 ; 71 ( 2 ): 281 – 99 .
Rowland JW , Hawryluk GWJ , Kwon B , Fehlings MG . Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon . Neurosurg Focus . 2008 ; 25 ( 5 ): E2 .
Wilson JR , Tetreault LA , Kwon BK , Arnold PM , Mroz TE , Shaffrey C , et al . Timing of decompression in patients with acute spinal cord injury: a systematic review . Glob Spine J . 2017 ; 7 ( 3 Suppl ): 95S-115S .
Ahuja CS , Martin AR , Fehlings M . Recent advances in managing a spinal cord injury secondary to trauma . F1000Res . 2016 ; 5 : F1000 Faculty Rev-1017 .
McDonald JW , Sadowsky C . Spinal-cord injury . Lancet . 2002 ; 359 ( 9304 ): 417 – 25 .
Maikos JT , Shreiber DI . Immediate damage to the blood-spinal cord barrier due to mechanical trauma . J Neurotrauma . 2007 ; 24 ( 3 ): 492 – 507 .
Mautes AE , Weinzierl MR , Donovan F , Noble LJ . Vascular events after spinal cord injury: contribution to secondary pathogenesis . Phys Ther . 2000 ; 80 ( 7 ): 673 – 87 .
Cho N , Hachem LD , Fehlings MG . Spinal cord edema after spinal cord injury: from pathogenesis to management . Brain Edema . 2017 ; 261–75 .
Khalid N , Azimpouran M . Necrosis . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing , Treasure Island (FL) ; 2022 .
Hassannejad Z , Zadegan SA , Shakouri-Motlagh A , Mokhatab M , Rezvan M , Sharif-Alhoseini M , et al . The fate of neurons after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats: a systematic review . Iran J Basic Med Sci . 2018 ; 21 ( 6 ): 546 – 57 .
Beattie MS , Hermann GE , Rogers RC , Bresnahan JC . Cell death in models of spinal cord injury . Prog Brain Res . 2002 ; 137 : 37 – 47 .
Yan G , Elbadawi M , Efferth T . Multiple cell death modalities and their key features (review) . World Acad Sci J . 2020 ; 2 ( 2 ): 39 – 48 .
Fischer T , Stern C , Freund P , Schubert M , Sutter R . Wallerian degeneration in cervical spinal cord tracts is commonly seen in routine T2-weighted MRI after traumatic spinal cord injury and is associated with impairment in a retrospective study . Eur Radiol . 2021 ; 31 ( 5 ): 2923 – 32 .
Shi Z , Yuan S , Shi L , Li J , Ning G , Kong X , et al . Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy . Cell Prolif . 2021 ; 54 ( 3 ): e12992 .
Ji LL , Yeo D . Oxidative stress: an evolving definition . Fac Rev . 2021 ; 10 : 13 .
Ali SS , Ahsan H , Zia MK , Siddiqui T , Khan FH . Understanding oxidants and antioxidants: classical team with new players . J Food Biochem . 2020 ; 44 ( 3 ): e13145 .
Preiser JC . Oxidative stress . JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr . 2012 ; 36 ( 2 ): 147 – 54 .
Bedreag OH , Rogobete AF , Sărăndan M , Cradigati A , Păpurică M , Roşu OM , et al . Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in traumatic spinal cord injuries . Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care . 2014 ; 21 ( 2 ): 123 – 9 .
Visavadiya NP , Patel SP , VanRooyen JL , Sullivan PG , Rabchevsky AG . Cellular and subcellular oxidative stress parameters following severe spinal cord injury . Redox Biol . 2016 ; 8 : 59 – 67 .
Jia Z , Zhu H , Li J , Wang X , Misra H , Li Y . Oxidative stress in spinal cord injury and antioxidant-based intervention . Spinal Cord . 2012 ; 50 ( 4 ): 264 – 74 .
Hall ED , Wang JA , Bosken JM , Singh IN . Lipid Peroxidation in brain or spinal cord mitochondria after injury . J Bioenerg Biomembr . 2016 ; 48 ( 2 ): 169 – 74 .
Christie SD , Comeau B , Myers T , Sadi D , Purdy M , Mendez I . Duration of lipid peroxidation after acute spinal cord injury in rats and the effect of methylprednisolone . Neurosurg Focus . 2008 ; 25 ( 5 ): E5 .
Girón SH , Sanz JM , Ortega MA , Garcia-Montero C , Fraile-Martínez O , Gómez-Lahoz AM , et al . Prognostic value of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the temporal progression of chronic spinal cord injury . J Pers Med . 2023 ; 13 ( 4 ): 626 .
Anwar MA , Al Shehabi TS , Eid AH . Inflammogenesis of secondary spinal cord injury . Front Cell Neurosci . 2016 ; 10 : 98 .
Zivkovic S , Ayazi M , Hammel G , Ren Y . For better or for worse: a look into neutrophils in traumatic spinal cord injury . Front Cell Neurosci . 2021 ; 15 : 648076 .
Beck KD , Nguyen HX , Galvan MD , Salazar DL , Woodruff TM , Anderson AJ . Quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury: evidence for a multiphasic inflammatory response in the acute to chronic environment . Brain . 2010 ; 133 ( Pt 2 ): 433 – 47 .
Liu X , Zhang Y , Wang Y , Qian T . Inflammatory response to spinal cord injury and its treatment . World Neurosurg . 2021 ; 155 : 19 – 31 .
Neirinckx V , Coste C , Franzen R , Gothot A , Rogister B , Wislet S . Neutrophil contribution to spinal cord injury and repair . J Neuroinflammation . 2014 ; 11 : 150 .
Hellenbrand DJ , Quinn CM , Piper ZJ , Morehouse CN , Fixel JA , Hanna AS . Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration . J Neuroinflammation . 2021 ; 18 ( 1 ): 284 .
Kong X , Gao J . Macrophage polarization: a key event in the secondary phase of acute spinal cord injury . J Cell Mol Med . 2017 ; 21 ( 5 ): 941 – 54 .
Kigerl KA , Gensel JC , Ankeny DP , Alexander JK , Donnelly DJ , Popovich PG . Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord . J Neurosci . 2009 ; 29 ( 43 ): 13435 – 44 .
Zhu J . T Helper cell differentiation, heterogeneity, and plasticity . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol . 2018 ; 10 ( 10 ): a030338 .
Xu L , Ye X , Wang Q , Xu B , Zhong J , Chen YY , et al . T‐cell infiltration, contribution and regulation in the central nervous system post‐traumatic injury . Cell Prolif . 2021 ; 54 ( 8 ): e13092 .
Raposo C , Graubardt N , Cohen M , Eitan C , London A , Berkutzki T , et al . CNS repair requires both effector and regulatory T cells with distinct temporal and spatial profiles . J Neurosci . 2014 ; 34 ( 31 ): 10141 – 55 .
Liu Z , Zhang H , Xia H , Wang B , Zhang R , Zeng Q , et al . CD8 T cell-derived perforin aggravates secondary spinal cord injury through destroying the blood-spinal cord barrier . Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2019 ; 512 ( 2 ): 367 – 72 .
Jones TB . Lymphocytes and autoimmunity after spinal cord injury . Exp Neurol . 2014 ; 258 : 78 – 90 .
Allison DJ , Ditor DS . Immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation following spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2015 ; 53 ( 1 ): 14 – 8 .
Almad A , Sahinkaya FR , McTigue DM . Oligodendrocyte fate after spinal cord injury . Neurotherapeutics . 2011 ; 8 ( 2 ): 262 – 73 .
Li N , Leung GKK . Oligodendrocyte precursor cells in spinal cord injury: a review and update . Biomed Res Int . 2015 ; 2015 : 235195 .
Olloquequi J , Cornejo-Córdova E , Verdaguer E , Soriano FX , Binvignat O , Auladell C , et al . Excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders: therapeutic implications . J Psychopharmacol . 2018 ; 32 ( 3 ): 265 – 75 .
Park E , Velumian AA , Fehlings MG . The role of excitotoxicity in secondary mechanisms of spinal cord injury: a review with an emphasis on the implications for white matter degeneration . J Neurotrauma . 2004 ; 21 ( 6 ): 754 – 74 .
Ahuja CS , Fehlings M . Concise review: bridging the gap: novel neuroregenerative and neuroprotective strategies in spinal cord injury . Stem Cells Transl Med . 2016 ; 5 ( 7 ): 914 – 24 .
Pineau I , Sun L , Bastien D , Lacroix S . Astrocytes initiate inflammation in the injured mouse spinal cord by promoting the entry of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in an IL-1 receptor/MyD88-dependent fashion . Brain Behav Immun . 2010 ; 24 ( 4 ): 540 – 53 .
Okada S , Hara M , Kobayakawa K , Matsumoto Y , Nakashima Y . Astrocyte reactivity and astrogliosis after spinal cord injury . Neurosci Res . 2018 ; 126 : 39 – 43 .
Ginhoux F , Lim S , Hoeffel G , Low D , Huber T . Origin and differentiation of microglia . Front Cell Neurosci . 2013 ; 7 : 45 .
Zhou X , He X , Ren Y . Function of microglia and macrophages in secondary damage after spinal cord injury . Neural Regen Res . 2014 ; 9 ( 20 ): 1787 – 95 .
Xu L , Wang J , Ding Y , Wang L , Zhu YJ . Current knowledge of microglia in traumatic spinal cord injury . Front Neurol . 2022 ; 12 : 796704 .
Ortega MA , García-Montero C , Fraile-Martinez O , Alvarez-Mon MA , Gómez-Lahoz AM , Lahera G , et al . Immune-mediated diseases from the point of view of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology . Biology (Basel) . 2022 ; 11 ( 7 ): 973 .
Mercadante AA , Tadi P . Neuroanatomy, gray matter . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL) : StatPearls Publishing ; 2023 .
Couillard-Despres S , Bieler L , Vogl M . Pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury . In: Weidner N , Rupp R , Tansey K (eds). Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury . Springer , Cham ; 2017 .
David G , Pfyffer D , Vallotton K , Pfender N , Thompson A , Weiskopf N , et al . Longitudinal changes of spinal cord grey and white matter following spinal cord injury . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2021 ; 92 ( 11 ): 1222 – 30 .
Hatch MN , Cushing TR , Carlson GD , Chang EY . Neuropathic pain and SCI: identification and treatment strategies in the 21st century . J Neurol Sci . 2018 ; 384 : 75 – 83 .
Lee S , Zhao X , Hatch M , Chun S , Chang E . Central neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury . Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med . 2013 ; 25 ( 3–4 ): 159 – 72 .
Finnerup NB , Jensen TS . Spinal cord injury pain—mechanisms and treatment . Eur J Neurol . 2004 ; 11 ( 2 ): 73 – 82 .
Solstrand Dahlberg L , Becerra L , Borsook D , Linnman C . Brain changes after spinal cord injury, a quantitative meta-analysis and review . Neurosci Biobehav Rev . 2018 ; 90 : 272 – 93 .
Leemhuis E , Giuffrida V , De Martino ML , Forte G , Pecchinenda A , De Gennaro L , et al . Rethinking the body in the brain after spinal cord injury . J Clin Med . 2022 ; 11 ( 2 ): 388 .
Barreiro-Iglesias A , Sobrido-Cameán D , Shifman MI . Retrograde activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in spinal-projecting neurons after a complete spinal cord injury in lampreys . Biomed Res Int . 2017 ; 2017 : 5953674 .
Sobrido-Cameán D , Barreiro-Iglesias A . Role of caspase-8 and fas in cell death after spinal cord injury . Front Mol Neurosci . 2018 ; 11 : 101 .
Zhao C , Bao SS , Xu M , Rao JS . Importance of brain alterations in spinal cord injury . Sci Prog . 2021 ; 104 ( 3 ): 368504211031117.
Osinski T , Acapo S , Bensmail D , Bouhassira D , Martinez V . Central nervous system reorganization and pain after spinal cord injury: possible targets for physical therapy-a systematic review of neuroimaging studies . Phys Ther . 2020 ; 100 ( 6 ): 946 – 62 .
Grabher P , Blaiotta C , Ashburner J , Freund P . Relationship between brainstem neurodegeneration and clinical impairment in traumatic spinal cord injury . Neuroimage Clin . 2017 ; 15 : 494 – 501 .
Harkema SJ . Plasticity of interneuronal networks of the functionally isolated human spinal cord . Brain Res Rev . 2008 ; 57 ( 1 ): 255 – 64 .
Zavvarian MM , Hong J , Fehlings MG . The functional role of spinal interneurons following traumatic spinal cord injury . Front Cell Neurosci . 2020 ; 14 : 127 .
Galea MP , Zyl N , Messina A . Peripheral nerve dysfunction after spinal cord injury . OBM Neurobiol . 2020 ; 4 ( 4 ): 075 .
Redondo-Castro E , Navarro X . Peripheral nerve alterations after spinal cord injury in the adult rat . Spinal Cord . 2013 ; 51 ( 8 ): 630 – 3 .
Tankisi H , Pugdahl K , Rasmussen MM , Clemmensen D , Rawashdeh YF , Christensen P , et al . Peripheral nervous system involvement in chronic spinal cord injury . Muscle Nerve . 2015 ; 52 ( 6 ): 1016 – 22 .
Boland RA , Lin CSY , Engel S , Kiernan MC . Adaptation of motor function after spinal cord injury: novel insights into spinal shock . Brain . 2011 ; 134 ( Pt 2 ): 495 – 505 .
Lin CSY , Macefield VG , Elam M , Gunnar Wallin B , Engel S , Kiernan MC . Axonal changes in spinal cord injured patients distal to the site of injury . Brain . 2007 ; 130 ( Pt 4 ): 985 – 94 .
Bertels H , Vicente-Ortiz G , El Kanbi K , Takeoka A . Neurotransmitter phenotype switching by spinal excitatory interneurons regulates locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury . Nat Neurosci . 2022 ; 25 ( 5 ): 617 – 29 .
Shepard CT , Pocratsky AM , Brown BL , Van Rijswijck MA , Zalla RM , Burke DA , et al . Silencing long ascending propriospinal neurons after spinal cord injury improves hindlimb stepping in the adult rat . Elife . 2021 ; 10 : e70058 .
Yang B , Zhang F , Cheng F , Ying L , Wang C , Shi K , et al . Strategies and prospects of effective neural circuits reconstruction after spinal cord injury . Cell Death Dis . 2020 ; 11 ( 6 ): 439 .
Nardone R , Trinka E . Reorganization of spinal neural circuitry and functional recovery after spinal cord injury . Neural Regen Res . 2015 ; 10 ( 2 ): 201 – 2 .
Yokota K , Kubota K , Kobayakawa K , Saito T , Hara M , Kijima K , et al . Pathological changes of distal motor neurons after complete spinal cord injury . Mol Brain . 2019 ; 12 ( 1 ): 4 .
Fagoe ND , van Heest J , Verhaagen J . Spinal cord injury and the neuronintrinsic regeneration-associated gene program . Neuromolecular Med . 2014 ; 16 ( 4 ): 799 – 813 .
Haberberger RV , Barry C , Dominguez N , Matusica D . Human dorsal root ganglia . Front Cell Neurosci . 2019 ; 13 : 271 .
Chariker JH , Gomes C , Brabazon F , Harman KA , Ohri SS , Magnuson DSK , et al . Transcriptome of dorsal root ganglia caudal to a spinal cord injury with modulated behavioral activity . Sci Data . 2019 ; 6 ( 1 ): 83 .
Aldskogius H , Kozlova EN . Dorsal root injury—a model for exploring pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies in spinal cord injury . Cells . 2021 ; 10 ( 9 ): 2185 .
Xu ZX , Albayar A , Dollé JP , Hansel G , Bianchini J , Sullivan PZ , et al . Dorsal root ganglion axons facilitate and guide cortical neural outgrowth: in vitro modeling of spinal cord injury axonal regeneration . Restor Neurol Neurosci . 2020 ; 38 ( 1 ): 1 – 9 .
Hou S , Rabchevsky AG . Autonomic consequences of spinal cord injury . Compr Physiol . 2014 ; 4 ( 4 ): 1419 – 53 .
LeBouef T , Yaker Z , Whited L . Physiology, autonomic nervous system. 8 May 2022 . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL) : StatPearls Publishing ; 2023 .
Benarroch EE . Physiology and pathophysiology of the autonomic nervous system . Continuum (Minneap Minn) . 2020 ; 26 ( 1 ): 12 – 24 .
Henke AM , Billington ZJ , Gater DR Jr . Autonomic dysfunction and management after spinal cord injury: a narrative review . J Pers Med . 2022 ; 12 ( 7 ): 1110 .
Allen KJ , Leslie SW . Autonomic dysreflexia . [Updated 2022 Dec 26 ] . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL) : StatPearls Publishing ; 2023 . Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482434/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482434/ .
Del Fabro AS , Mejia M , Nemunaitis G . An investigation of the relationship between autonomic dysreflexia and intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 2018 ; 41 ( 1 ): 102 – 5 .
Milligan J , Lee J , McMillan C , Klassen H . Autonomic dysreflexia: recognizing a common serious condition in patients with spinal cord injury . Can Fam Phys . 2012 ; 58 ( 8 ): 831 – 5 .
Lakra C , Swayne O , Christofi G , Desai M . Autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury . Pract Neurol . 2021 ; 21 ( 6 ): 532 – 8 .
den Braber-Ymker M , Lammens M , van Putten MJAM , Nagtegaal ID . The enteric nervous system and the musculature of the colon are altered in patients with spina bifida and spinal cord injury . Virchows Arch . 2017 ; 470 ( 2 ): 175 – 84 .
Lefèvre C , Bessard A , Aubert P , Joussain C , Giuliano F , Behr-Roussel D , et al . Enteric nervous system remodeling in a rat model of spinal cord injury: a pilot study . Neurotrauma Rep . 2020 ; 1 ( 1 ): 125 – 36 .
Schwab JM , Zhang Y , Kopp MA , Brommer B , Popovich PG . The paradox of chronic neuroinflammation, systemic immune suppression and autoimmunity after traumatic chronic spinal cord injury . Exp Neurol . 2014 ; 258 : 121 – 9 .
Carpenter RS , Marbourg JM , Brennan FH , Mifflin KA , Hall JCE , Jiang RR , et al . Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure . Nat Commun . 2020 ; 11 ( 1 ): 3702 .
Li C , Xiong W , Wan B , Kong G , Wang S , Wang Y , et al . Role of peripheral immune cells in spinal cord injury . Cell Mol Life Sci . 2023 ; 80 ( 1 ): 2 .
Ren H , Chen X , Tian M , Zhou J , Ouyang H , Zhang Z . Regulation of inflammatory cytokines for spinal cord injury repair through local delivery of therapeutic agents . Adv Sci (Weinh) . 2018 ; 5 ( 11 ): 1800529 .
Rust R , Kaiser J . Insights into the dual role of inflammation after spinal cord injury . J Neurosci . 2017 ; 37 ( 18 ): 4658 – 60 .
Prüss H , Kopp MA , Brommer B , Gatzemeier N , Laginha I , Dirnagl U , et al . Non-resolving aspects of acute inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI): indices and resolution plateau . Brain Pathol . 2011 ; 21 ( 6 ): 652 – 60 .
Anthony DC , Couch Y . The systemic response to CNS injury . Exp Neurol . 2014 ; 258 : 105 – 11 .
Adib-Conquy M , Cavaillon JM . Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome . Thromb Haemost . 2009 ; 101 ( 1 ): 36 – 47 .
Ward NS , Casserly B , Ayala A . The compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) in critically ill patients . Clin Chest Med . 2008 ; 29 ( 4 ): 617 – 25, viii .
Jaffer U , Wade RG , Gourlay T . Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review . HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth . 2010 ; 2 ( 3 ): 161 – 75 .
Hotchkiss RS , Monneret G , Payen D . Immunosuppression in sepsis: a novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach . Lancet Infect Dis . 2013 ; 13 ( 3 ): 260 – 8 .
Davies AL , Hayes KC , Dekaban GA . Clinical correlates of elevated serum concentrations of cytokines and autoantibodies in patients with spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2007 ; 88 ( 11 ): 1384 – 93 .
Hayes KC , Hull TCL , Delaney GA , Potter PJ , Sequeira KAJ , Campbell K , et al . Elevated serum titers of proinflammatory cytokines and cns autoantibodies in patients with chronic spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2002 ; 19 ( 6 ): 753 – 61 .
Bigford GE , Garshick E . Systemic inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of biological evidence, related health risks, and potential therapies . Curr Opin Pharmacol . 2022 ; 67 : 102303.
Ortega MA , Fraile-Martínez O , Naya I , García-Honduvilla N , Álvarez-Mon M , Buján J , et al . Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with obesity (Diabesity). The central role of gut microbiota and its translational applications . Nutrients . 2020 ; 12 ( 9 ): 2749 .
Álvarez-Mon MA , Gómez-Lahoz AM , Orozco A , Lahera G , Diaz D , Ortega MA , et al . Expansion of CD4 T lymphocytes expressing interleukin 17 and tumor necrosis factor in patients with major depressive disorder . J Pers Med . 2021 ; 11 ( 3 ): 220 .
Wang TD , Wang YH , Huang TS , Su TC , Pan SL , Chen SY . Circulating levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial activation are increased in men with chronic spinal cord injury . J Formos Med Assoc . 2007 ; 106 ( 11 ): 919 – 28 .
Gorgey AS , Gater DR . Prevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury . Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil . 2007 ; 12 :( 4 ): 1 – 7 .
da Silva Alves E , de Aquino Lemos V , Ruiz da Silva F , Lira FS , Dos Santos RVT , Rosa JPP , et al . Low-grade inflammation and spinal cord injury: exercise as therapy? Mediators Inflamm . 2013 ; 2013 : 971841 .
Rosety-Rodriguez M , Camacho A , Rosety I , Fornieles G , Rosety MA , Diaz AJ , et al . Low-grade systemic inflammation and leptin levels were improved by arm cranking exercise in adults with chronic spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2014 ; 95 ( 2 ): 297 – 302 .
Córdova Martínez A , Pascual Fernández J , Fernandez Lázaro D , Alvarez Mon M . Muscular and heart adaptations of execise in hypoxia. Is training in slow hypoxy healthy? . Med Clin (Barc) . 2017 ; 148 ( 10 ): 469 – 74 .
Diaz D , Lopez-Dolado E , Haro S , Monserrat J , Martinez-Alonso C , Balomeros D , et al . Systemic inflammation and the breakdown of intestinal homeostasis are key events in chronic spinal cord injury patients . Int J Mol Sci . 2021 ; 22 ( 2 ): 744 .
Riegger T , Conrad S , Schluesener HJ , Kaps HP , Badke A , Baron C , et al . Immune depression syndrome following human spinal cord injury (SCI): a pilot study . Neuroscience . 2009 ; 158 ( 3 ): 1194 – 9 .
Zhang Y , Guan Z , Reader B , Shawler T , Mandrekar-Colucci S , Huang K , et al . Autonomic dysreflexia causes chronic immune suppression after spinal cord injury . J Neurosci . 2013 ; 33 ( 32 ): 12970 – 81 .
Held KS , Steward O , Blanc C , Lane TE . Impaired immune responses following spinal cord injury lead to reduced ability to control viral infection . Exp Neurol . 2010 ; 226 ( 1 ): 242 – 53 .
Jeffries MA , Tom VJ . Peripheral immune dysfunction: a problem of central importance after spinal cord injury . Biology (Basel) . 2021 ; 10 ( 9 ): 928 .
Held KS , Lane TE . Spinal cord injury, immunodepression, and antigenic challenge . Semin Immunol . 2014 ; 26 ( 5 ): 415 – 20 .
Prüss H , Tedeschi A , Thiriot A , Lynch L , Loughhead SM , Stutte S , et al . Spinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency is mediated by a sympathetic-neuroendocrine adrenal reflex . Nat Neurosci . 2017 ; 20 ( 11 ): 1549 – 59 .
Lucin KM , Sanders VM , Jones TB , Malarkey WB , Popovich PG . Impaired antibody synthesis after spinal cord injury is level-dependent and is due to sympathetic nervous system dysregulation . Exp Neurol . 2007 ; 207 ( 1 ): 75 – 84 .
Meisel C , Schwab JM , Prass K , Meisel A , Dirnagl U . Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome . Nat Rev Neurosci . 2005 ; 6 ( 10 ): 775 – 86 .
Ankeny DP , Lucin KM , Sanders VM , McGaughy VM , Popovich PG . Spinal cord injury triggers systemic autoimmunity: evidence for chronic B lymphocyte activation and lupus-like autoantibody synthesis . J Neurochem . 2006 ; 99 ( 4 ): 1073 – 87 .
Zajarías-Fainsod D , Carrillo-Ruiz J , Mestre H , Grijalva I , Madrazo I , Ibarra A . Autoreactivity against myelin basic protein in patients with chronic paraplegia . Eur Spine J . 2012 ; 21 ( 5 ): 964 – 70 .
Arevalo-Martin A , Grassner L , Garcia-Ovejero D , Paniagua-Torija B , Barroso-Garcia G , Arandilla AG , et al . Elevated autoantibodies in subacute human spinal cord injury are naturally occurring antibodies . Front Immunol . 2018 ; 9 : 2365 .
Martiñón S , García E , Gutierrez-Ospina G , Mestre H , Ibarra A . Development of protective autoimmunity by immunization with a neuralderived peptide is ineffective in severe spinal cord injury . PLoS One . 2012 ; 7 ( 2 ): e32027 .
Lü HZ , Xu L , Zou J , Wang YX , Ma ZW , Xu XM , et al . Effects of autoimmunity on recovery of function in adult rats following spinal cord injury . Brain Behav Immun . 2008 ; 22 ( 8 ): 1217 – 30 .
Liu ZG , Yang F , Shi JW , Chang PY , Yu SM , Zhang BY . Revisiting the immune landscape post spinal cord injury: more than black and white . Front Aging Neurosci . 2022 ; 14 : 963539 .
Ibarra A , Jiménez A , Cortes C , Correa D . Influence of the intensity, level and phase of spinal cord injury on the proliferation of T cells and T-cell-dependent antibody reactions in rats . Spinal Cord . 2007 ; 45 ( 5 ): 380 – 6 .
Huang W , Vodovotz Y , Kusturiss MB , Barclay D , Greenwald K , Boninger ML , et al . Identification of distinct monocyte phenotypes and correlation with circulating cytokine profiles in acute response to spinal cord injury: a pilot study . PM R . 2014 ; 6 ( 4 ): 332 – 41 .
Zhao JL , Lai ST , Du ZY , Xu J , Sun YR , Yuan Q , et al . Circulating neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio at admission predicts the long-term outcome in acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury patients . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2020 ; 21 ( 1 ): 548 .
Ogurcov S , Shulman I , Garanina E , Sabirov D , Baichurina I , Kuznetcov M , et al . Blood serum cytokines in patients with subacute spinal cord injury: a pilot study to search for biomarkers of injury severity . Brain Sci . 2021 ; 11 ( 3 ): 322 .
Gao TY , Huang FF , Xie YY , Wang WQ , Di WL , Mu D , et al . Dynamic changes in the systemic immune responses of spinal cord injury model mice . Neural Regen Res . 2021 ; 16 ( 2 ): 382 – 7 .
Herman P , Stein A , Gibbs K , Korsunsky I , Gregersen P , Bloom O . Persons with chronic spinal cord injury have decreased natural killer cell and increased Toll-like receptor/inflammatory gene expression . J Neurotrauma . 2018 ; 35 ( 15 ): 1819 – 29 .
Monahan R , Stein A , Gibbs K , Bank M , Bloom O . Circulating T cell subsets are altered in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury . Immunol Res . 2015 ; 63 ( 1–3 ): 3 – 10 .
Gómez-Lahoz AM , Haro Girón S , Monserrat Sanz J , Fraile-Martínez O , Garcia-Montero C , Jiménez DJ , et al . Abnormal chara cterization and distribution of circulating regulatory t cells in patients with chronic spinal cord injury according to the period of evolution . Biology (Basel) . 2023 ; 12 ( 4 ): 617 .
Jin Y , Turley AE , Kennedy RC , Boss AP , Liu S , Lujan HL , et al . Major discoveries on spinal cord injury-induced immune response . FASEB J . 2019 ; 33 ( S1 ): 836.10 .
Pavlicek D , Krebs J , Capossela S , Bertolo A , Engelhardt B , Pannek J , et al . Immunosenescence in persons with spinal cord injury in relation to urinary tract infections-a cross-sectional study . Immun Ageing . 2017 ; 14 : 22 .
Girón SH , Gómez-Lahoz AM , Sanz JM , Fraile-Martínez O , Jiménez DJ , Garcia-Montero C , et al . Patients with chronic spinal cord injury and a long period of evolution exhibit an altered cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 T cell populations . Int J Mol Sci . 2023 ; 24 ( 8 ): 7048 .
Fraussen J , Beckers L , van Laake-Geelen CCM , Depreitere B , Deckers J , Cornips EMJ , et al . Altered circulating immune cell distribution in traumatic spinal cord injury patients in relation to clinical parameters . Front Immunol . 2022 ; 13 : 873315 .
Oropallo MA , Held KS , Goenka R , Ahmad SA , O'Neill PJ , Steward O , et al . Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses, but spares existing humoral immunity in mice . J Immunol . 2012 ; 188 ( 11 ): 5257 – 66 .
Smith DL , Yarar-Fisher C . Contributors to metabolic disease risk following spinal cord injury . Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep . 2016 ; 4 ( 3 ): 190 – 9 .
Sala F , Menna G , Bricolo A , Young W . Role of glycemia in acute spinal cord injury. Data from a rat experimental model and clinical experience . Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1999 ; 890 : 133 – 54 .
Kobayakawa K , Kumamaru H , Saiwai H , Kubota K , Ohkawa Y , Kishimoto J , et al . Acute hyperglycemia impairs functional improvement after spinal cord injury in mice and humans . Sci Transl Med . 2014 ; 6 ( 256 ): 256ra137 .
Jaiswal S , Brabazon F , von Leden R , Acs D , Collier S , Allison N , et al . Spinal cord injury chronically depresses glucose uptake in the rodent model . Neurosci Lett . 2022 ; 771 : 136416 .
Elder CP , Apple DF , Bickel CS , Meyer RA , Dudley GA . Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury–a cross-sectional study . Spinal Cord . 2004 ; 42 ( 12 ): 711 – 6 .
Bauman WA , Spungen AM . Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in chronic spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 2001 ; 24 ( 4 ): 266 – 77 .
Maruyama Y , Mizuguchi M , Yaginuma T , Kusaka M , Yoshida H , Yokoyama K , et al . Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2008 ; 46 ( 7 ): 494 – 9 .
Gordon T , Mao J . Muscle atrophy and procedures for training after spinal cord injury . Phys Ther . 1994 ; 74 ( 1 ): 50 – 60 .
Das DK , Graham ZA , Cardozo CP . Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: recent advances and future perspectives . Acta Physiol (Oxf ) . 2020 ; 228 ( 2 ): e13367 .
Kodani A , Kikuchi T , Tohda C . Acteoside improves muscle atrophy and motor function by inducing new myokine secretion in chronic spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2019 ; 36 ( 12 ): 1935 – 48 .
Liu M , Stevens-Lapsley JE , Jayaraman A , Ye F , Conover C , Walter GA , et al . Impact of treadmill locomotor training on skeletal muscle IGF1 and myogenic regulatory factors in spinal cord injured rats . Eur J Appl Physiol . 2010 ; 109 ( 4 ): 709 – 20 .
Invernizzi M , de Sire A , Renò F , Cisari C , Runza L , Baricich A , et al . Spinal cord injury as a model of bone-muscle interactions: therapeutic implications from in vitro and in vivo studies . Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2020 ; 11 : 204 .
Dudley-Javoroski S , Shields RK . Muscle and bone plasticity after spinal cord injury: review of adaptations to disuse and to electrical muscle stimulation . J Rehabil Res Dev . 2008 ; 45 ( 2 ): 283 – 96 .
Dolbow DR , Gorgey AS , Daniels JA , Adler RA , Moore JR , Gater DR . The effects of spinal cord injury and exercise on bone mass: a literature review . NeuroRehabilitation . 2011 ; 29 ( 3 ): 261 – 9 .
Abdelrahman S , Ireland A , Winter EM , Purcell M , Coupaud S . Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury: aetiology, effects and therapeutic approaches . J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact . 2021 ; 21 ( 1 ): 26 – 50 .
Lamarche J , Mailhot G . Vitamin D and spinal cord injury: Should we care? Spinal Cord . 2016 ; 54 ( 12 ): 1060 – 75 .
Dionyssiotis Y , Stathopoulos K , Trovas G , Papaioannou N , Skarantavos G , Papagelopoulos P . Impact on bone and muscle area after spinal cord injury . Bonekey Rep . 2015 ; 4 : 633 .
Gorgey AS , Wells KM , Austin TL . Adiposity and spinal cord injury . World J Orthop . 2015 ; 6 ( 8 ): 567 – 76 .
Lee MW , Lee M , Oh KJ . Adipose tissue-derived signatures for obesity and type 2 diabetes: adipokines, batokines and micrornas . J Clin Med . 2019 ; 8 ( 6 ): 854 .
Luo L , Liu M . Adipose tissue in control of metabolism . J Endocrinol . 2016 ; 231 ( 3 ): R77 – 99 .
Gorgey AS , Gater DR . Regional and relative adiposity patterns in relation to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in men with spinal cord injury . Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2011 ; 36 ( 1 ): 107 – 14 .
Farkas GJ , Gorgey AS , Dolbow DR , Berg AS , Gater DR . The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles . J Spinal Cord Med . 2018 ; 41 ( 4 ): 407 – 15 .
Edwards LA , Bugaresti JM , Buchholz AC . Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences . Am J Clin Nutr . 2008 ; 87 ( 3 ): 600 – 7 .
Gorgey AS , Poarch HJ , Adler RA , Khalil RE , Gater DR . Femoral bone marrow adiposity and cortical bone cross-sectional areas in men with motor complete spinal cord injury . PM R . 2013 ; 5 ( 11 ): 939 – 48 .
Gorgey AS , Dudley GA . Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2007 ; 45 ( 4 ): 304 – 9 .
Gorgey AS , Mather KJ , Cupp HR , Gater DR . Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2012 ; 44 ( 1 ): 165 – 74 .
Gorgey AS , Shepherd C . Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and decreased intramuscular fat after unilateral resistance training in spinal cord injury: case report . J Spinal Cord Med . 2010 ; 33 ( 1 ): 90 – 5 .
Bauman WA , Wecht JM , Biering-Sorensen F . International spinal cord injury endocrine and metabolic extended data set . Spinal Cord 2017555 . 2017 ; 55 ( 5 ): 466 – 77 .
Cheng RD , Ren W , Sun P , Tian L , Zhang L , Zhang J , et al . Spinal cord injury causes insulin resistance associated with PI3K signaling pathway in hypothalamus . Neurochem Int . 2020 ; 140 : 104839 .
Crowell AD , King K , Deitermann A , Miranpuri GS , Resnick DK . Implication of hypothalamus in alleviating spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain . Ann Neurosci . 2016 ; 23 ( 3 ): 171 – 5 .
Cuce E , Demir H , Cuce I , Bayram F . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in traumatic spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain: a case-control study . J Endocrinol Investig . 2019 ; 42 ( 8 ): 923 – 30 .
Schmid A , Huonker M , Stahl F , Barturen JM , König D , Heim M , et al . Free plasma catecholamines in spinal cord injured persons with different injury levels at rest and during exercise . J Auton Nerv Syst . 1998 ; 68 ( 1–2 ): 96 – 100 .
Huang TS , Wang YH , Lai JS , Chang CC , Lien IN . The hypothalamuspituitary-ovary and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes in spinal cord-injured women . Metabolism . 1996 ; 45 ( 6 ): 718 – 22 .
Huang TS , Wang YH , Lien IN . Suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary somatotrope axis in men with spinal cord injuries . Metabolism . 1995 ; 44 ( 9 ): 1116 – 20 .
Datto JP , Yang J , Dietrich WD , Pearse DD . Does being female provide a neuroprotective advantage following spinal cord injury? . Neural Regen Res . 2015 ; 10 ( 10 ): 1533 – 6 .
Lombardi G , Mondaini N , Macchiarella A , Del Popolo G . Female sexual dysfunction and hormonal status in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients . J Androl . 2007 ; 28 ( 5 ): 722 – 6 .
Ludwig PE , Patil AA , Chamczuk AJ , Agrawal DK . Hormonal therapy in traumatic spinal cord injury . Am J Transl Res . 2017 ; 9 ( 9 ): 3881 – 95 .
Stewart AN , MacLean SM , Stromberg AJ , Whelan JP , Bailey WM , Gensel JC , et al . Considerations for studying sex as a biological variable in spinal cord injury . Front Neurol . 2020 ; 11 : 802 .
Elkabes S , Nicot AB . Sex steroids and neuroprotection in spinal cord injury: a review of preclinical investigations . Exp Neurol . 2014 ; 259 : 28 – 37 .
Zendedel A , Mönnink F , Hassanzadeh G , Zaminy A , Ansar MM , Habib P , et al . Estrogen attenuates local inflammasome expression and activation after spinal cord injury . Mol Neurobiol . 2018 ; 55 ( 2 ): 1364 – 75 .
Maïmoun L , Fattal C , Micallef JP , Peruchon E , Rabischong P . Bone loss in spinal cord-injured patients: from physiopathology to therapy . Spinal Cord . 2006 ; 44 ( 4 ): 203 – 10 .
Shams R , Drasites KP , Zaman V , Matzelle D , Shields DC , Garner DP , et al . The pathophysiology of osteoporosis after spinal cord injury . Int J Mol Sci . 2021 ; 22 ( 6 ): 3057 .
Boehl G , Raguindin PF , Valido E , Bertolo A , Itodo OA , Minder B , et al . Endocrinological and inflammatory markers in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Rev Endocr Metab Disord . 2022 ; 23 ( 5 ): 1035 – 50 .
Durga A , Sepahpanah F , Regozzi M , Hastings J , Crane DA . Prevalence of testosterone deficiency after spinal cord injury . PM R . 2011 ; 3 ( 10 ): 929 – 32 .
Clark MJ , Schopp LH , Mazurek MO , Zaniletti I , Lammy AB , Martin TA , et al . Testosterone levels among men with spinal cord injury: relationship between time since injury and laboratory values . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 2008 ; 87 ( 9 ): 758 – 67 .
Nightingale TE , Moore P , Harman J , Khalil R , Gill RS , Castillo T , et al . Body composition changes with testosterone replacement therapy following spinal cord injury and aging: a mini review . J Spinal Cord Med. 2018 ; 41 ( 6 ): 624 – 36 .
Barbonetti A , Vassallo MRC , Pacca F , Cavallo F , Costanzo M , Felzani G , et al . Correlates of low testosterone in men with chronic spinal cord injury . Andrology . 2014 ; 2 ( 5 ): 721 – 8 .
Prakash V , Lin MS , Song CH , Perkash I . Thyroid hypofunction in spinal cord injury patients . Paraplegia . 1980 ; 18 ( 1 ): 56 – 63 .
Bugaresti JM , Tator CH , Silverberg JD , Szalai JP , Malkin DG , Malkin A , et al . Changes in thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone and cortisol in acute spinal cord injury . Paraplegia . 1992 ; 30 ( 6 ): 401 – 9 .
Cheville AL , Kirshblum SC . Thyroid hormone changes in chronic spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 1995 ; 18 ( 4 ): 227 – 32 .
Dirlikov B , Lavoie S , Shem K . Correlation between thyroid function, testosterone levels, and depressive symptoms in females with spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord Ser Cases . 2019 ; 5 : 61 .
Vancamp P , Butruille L , Demeneix BA , Remaud S . Thyroid hormone and neural stem cells: repair potential following brain and spinal cord injury . Front Neurosci . 2020 ; 14 : 875 .
Guijarro LG , Cano-Martínez D , Toledo-Lobo MV , Salinas PS , Chaparro M , Gómez-Lahoz AM , et al . Relationship between IGF-1 and body weight in inflammatory bowel diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms involved . Biomed Pharmacother . 2021 ; 144 : 112239 .
Straub RH . Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation . Arthritis Res Ther . 2014 ; 16 ( 1 ): 203 .
Rohm TV , Meier DT , Olefsky JM , Donath MY . Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders . Immunity . 2022 ; 55 ( 1 ): 31 – 55 .
Emmanuel A . Neurogenic bowel dysfunction . F1000Res . 2019 ; 8 : F1000 Faculty Rev-1800 .
Stiens SA , Bergman SB , Goetz LL . Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury: clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1997 ; 78 ( 3 Suppl ): S86-102 .
Awad RA . Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease . World J Gastroenterol . 2011 ; 17 ( 46 ): 5035 – 48 .
Faber W , Stolwijk-Swuste J , van Ginkel F , Nachtegaal J , Zoetendal E , Winkels R , et al . Faecal microbiota in patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction and spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis—a systematic review . J Clin Med . 2021 ; 10 ( 8 ): 1598 .
Jing Y , Bai F , Yu Y . Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota: a review . Life Sci . 2021 ; 266 : 118865 .
Jogia T , Ruitenberg MJ . Traumatic spinal cord injury and the gut microbiota: current insights and future challenges . Front Immunol . 2020 ; 11 : 704 .
Zhang C , Zhang W , Zhang J , Jing Y , Yang M , Du L , et al . Gut microbiota dysbiosis in male patients with chronic traumatic complete spinal cord injury . J Transl Med . 2018 ; 16 ( 1 ): 353 .
Yu B , Qiu H , Cheng S , Ye F , Li J , Chen S , et al . Profile of gut microbiota in patients with traumatic thoracic spinal cord injury and its clinical implications: a case-control study in a rehabilitation setting . Bioengineered . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 4489 – 99 .
Bazzocchi G , Turroni S , Bulzamini MC , D'Amico F , Bava A , Castiglioni M , et al . Changes in gut microbiota in the acute phase after spinal cord injury correlate with severity of the lesion . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 12743 .
Gungor B , Adiguzel E , Gursel I , Yilmaz B , Gursel M . Intestinal microbiota in patients with spinal cord injury . PLoS One . 2016 ; 11 ( 1 ): e0145878 .
Kigerl KA , Zane K , Adams K , Sullivan MB , Popovich PG . The spinal cord-gut-immune axis as a master regulator of health and neurological function after spinal cord injury . Exp Neurol . 2020 ; 323 : 113085 .
Bannerman CA , Douchant K , Sheth PM , Ghasemlou N . The gut-brain axis and beyond: microbiome control of spinal cord injury pain in humans and rodents . Neurobiol Pain . 2020 ; 9 : 100059.
Yuan B , Lu XJ , Wu Q . Gut microbiota and acute central nervous system injury: a new target for therapeutic intervention . Front Immunol . 2021 ; 12 : 800796 .
Alvarez-Mon MA , Gómez AM , Orozco A , Lahera G , Sosa MD , Diaz D , et al . Abnormal distribution and function of circulating monocytes and enhanced bacterial translocation in major depressive disorder . Front Psychiatry . 2019 ; 10 : 812 .
Albillos A , Lario M , Álvarez-Mon M . Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction: distinctive features and clinical relevance . J Hepatol . 2014 ; 61 ( 6 ): 1385 – 96 .
Albillos A , de-La-Hera A , Alvarez-Mon M . Serum lipopolysaccharidebinding protein prediction of severe bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with ascites . Lancet . 2004 ; 363 ( 9421 ): 1608 – 10 .
Ortega M , García-Montero C , Fraile-Martínez O , Monserrat J , Álvarez-Mon MA . The gut microbiota in sickness and in health . Medicine-Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado . 2022 ; 13 ( 69 ): 4054 – 63 .
Yoo JY , Groer M , Dutra SVO , Sarkar A , McSkimming DI . Gut microbiota and immune system interactions . Microorganisms . 2020 ; 8 ( 10 ): 1587 .
Kigerl KA , Mostacada K , Popovich PG . Gut microbiota are disease-modifying factors after traumatic spinal cord injury . Neurotherapeutics . 2018 ; 15 ( 1 ): 60 – 7 .
Migliorini C , Tonge B , Taleporos G . Spinal cord injury and mental health . Aust N Z J Psychiatry . 2008 ; 42 ( 4 ): 309 – 14 .
Wan FJ , Chien WC , Chung CH , Yang YJ , Tzeng NS . Association between traumatic spinal cord injury and affective and other psychiatric disorders-a nationwide cohort study and effects of rehabilitation therapies . J Affect Disord . 2020 ; 265 : 381 – 8 .
Budd MA , Gater DR , Channell I . Psychosocial consequences of spinal cord injury: a narrative review . J Pers Med . 2022 ; 12 ( 7 ): 1178.
Chuang CH , Chen CH , Bai CH , Chen PC , Wu SC , Liu CH . Risk factors associated with newly psychiatric disorder in spinal cord injury: a retrospective cohort study . J Clin Nurs . 2018 ; 27 ( 5–6 ): e1038 – 47 .
Craig A , Nicholson Perry K , Guest R , Tran Y , Dezarnaulds A , Hales A , et al . Prospective study of the occurrence of psychological disorders and comorbidities after spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2015 ; 96 ( 8 ): 1426 – 34 .
Zürcher C , Tough H , Fekete C . Mental health in individuals with spinal cord injury: the role of socioeconomic conditions and social relationships . PLoS ONE . 2019 ; 14 ( 2 ): e0206069 .
Peterson MD , Meade MA , Lin P , Kamdar N , Rodriguez G , Krause JS , et al . Psychological morbidity following spinal cord injury and among those without spinal cord injury: the impact of chronic centralized and neuropathic pain . Spinal Cord . 2022 ; 60 ( 2 ): 163 – 9 .
Littooij E , Widdershoven GAM , Stolwijk-Swüste JM , Doodeman S , Leget CJW , Dekker J . Global meaning in people with spinal cord injury: content and changes . J Spinal Cord Med . 2016 ; 39 ( 2 ): 197 – 205 .
Bouchard SM , Hook MA . Psychological stress as a modulator of functional recovery following spinal cord injury . Front Neurol . 2014 ; 5 : 44 .
Wilson CS , DeDios-Stern S , Bocage C , Gray AA , Crudup BM , Russell HF . A systematic review of how spinal cord injury impacts families . Rehabil Psychol . 2022 ; 67 ( 3 ): 273 – 303 .
Fann JR , Bombardier CH , Richards JS , Tate DG , Wilson CS , Temkin N . Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2011 ; 92 ( 3 ): 352 – 60 .
Zachariae R . Psychoneuroimmunology: a bio-psycho-social approach to health and disease . Scand J Psychol . 2009 ; 50 ( 6 ): 645 – 51 .
Nicotra A , Critchley HD , Mathias CJ , Dolan RJ . Emotional and autonomic consequences of spinal cord injury explored using functional brain imaging . Brain . 2006 ; 129 ( Pt 3 ): 718 – 28 .
Monden KR , Philippus A , MacIntyre B , Welch A , Sevigny M , Draganich C , et al . The impact of stigma on psychosocial outcomes following spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional analysis of stigma-mediated relationships . Rehabil Psychol . 2021 ; 66 ( 2 ): 202 – 12 .
Sezer N , Akkuş S , Uğurlu FG . Chronic complications of spinal cord injury . World J Orthop . 2015 ; 6 ( 1 ): 24 – 33 .
Sladek CD , Michelini LC , Stachenfeld NS , Stern JE , Urban JH . Endocrineautonomic linkages . Compr Physiol . 2015 ; 5 ( 3 ): 1281 – 323 .
Phillips AA , Krassioukov AV . Contemporary cardiovascular concerns after spinal cord injury: mechanisms, maladaptations, and management . J Neurotrauma . 2015 ; 32 ( 24 ): 1927 – 42 .
Previnaire JG , Soler JM , Leclercq V , Denys P . Severity of autonomic dysfunction in patients with complete spinal cord injury . Clin Auton Res . 2012 ; 22 ( 1 ): 9 – 15 .
Wecht JM , Harel NY , Guest J , Kirshblum SC , Forrest GF , Bloom O , et al . Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management . Semin Neurol . 2020 ; 40 ( 5 ): 550 – 9 .
Tahsili-Fahadan P , Geocadin RG . Heart–brain axis . Circ Res . 2017 ; 120 ( 3 ): 559 – 72 .
Dal Lin C , Tona F , Osto E . The heart as a psychoneuroendocrine and immunoregulatory organ . Adv Exp Med Biol . 2018 ; 1065 : 225 – 39 .
Miranda AS , Cordeiro TM , Soares TM dos SL , Ferreira RN , Simões e Silva AC . Kidney-brain axis inflammatory cross-talk: from bench to bedside . Clin Sci (Lond) . 2017 ; 131 ( 11 ): 1093 – 105 .
Azzoni R , Marsland BJ . The lung-brain axis: a new frontier in hostmicrobe interactions . Immunity . 2022 ; 55 ( 4 ): 589 – 91 .
Albillos A , Martin-Mateos R , Van der Merwe S , Wiest R , Jalan R , Álvarez-Mon M . Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2021 ; 19 ( 2 ): 112 – 34 .
Dodd W , Motwani K , Small C , Pierre K , Patel D , Malnik S , et al . Spinal cord injury and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: what do we know and where are we going? . J Mens Health . 2022 ; 18 ( 1 ): 24 .
Michel M , Goldman M , Peart R , Martinez M , Reddy R , Lucke-Wold B . Spinal cord injury: a review of current management considerations and emerging treatments . J Neurol Sci Res . 2021 ; 2 ( 2 ): 14 .
Cruse JM , Keith JC , Bryant ML Jr , Lewis RE . Immune system-neuroendocrine dysregulation in spinal cord injury . Immunol Res . 1996 ; 15 ( 4 ): 306 – 14 .
Osimo EF , Cardinal RN , Jones PB , Khandaker GM . Prevalence and correlates of low-grade systemic inflammation in adult psychiatric inpatients: an electronic health record-based study . Psychoneuroendocrinology . 2018 ; 91 : 226 – 34 .
Zhou WBS , Meng JW , Zhang J . Does low grade systemic inflammation have a role in chronic pain? . Front Mol Neurosci . 2021 ; 14 : 785214 .
Duchaine CS , Brisson C , Talbot D , Gilbert-Ouimet M , Trudel X , Vézina M , et al . Psychosocial stressors at work and inflammatory biomarkers: PROspective Quebec Study on Work and Health . Psychoneuroendocrinology . 2021 ; 133 : 105400 .
Sankowski R , Mader S , Valdés-Ferrer SI . Systemic inflammation and the brain: novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration . Front Cell Neurosci . 2015 ; 9 .28 .
Perry VH . The influence of systemic inflammation on inflammation in the brain: implications for chronic neurodegenerative disease . Brain Behav Immun . 2004 ; 18 ( 5 ): 407 – 13 .
Sun Y , Koyama Y , Shimada S . Inflammation from peripheral organs to the brain: how does systemic inflammation cause neuroinflammation? . Front Aging Neurosci . 2022 ; 14 : 903455 .
Lerch JK , Puga DA , Bloom O , Popovich PG . Glucocorticoids and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are neuroendocrine modulators of inflammation and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury . Semin Immunol . 2014 ; 26 ( 5 ): 409 – 14 .
Demorrow S . Role of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in health and disease . Int J Mol Sci . 2018 ; 19 ( 4 ): 986 .
Brakel K , Hook MA . SCI and depression: does inflammation commandeer the brain? . Exp Neurol . 2019 ; 320 : 112977 .
Wang H , Zhou WX , Huang JF , Zheng XQ , Tian HJ , Wang B , et al . Endocrine therapy for the functional recovery of spinal cord injury . Front Neurosci . 2020 ; 14 : 590570 .
García-Montero C , Fraile-Martínez O , Gómez-Lahoz AM , Pekarek L , Castellanos AJ , Noguerales-Fraguas F , et al . Nutritional components in western diet versus mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota-immune system interpla y. Implications for health and disease . Nutrients . 2021 ; 13 ( 2 ): 699 .
Ortega MA , Alvarez-Mon MA , García-Montero C , Fraile-Martinez O , Guijarro LG , Lahera G , et al . Gut Microbiota metabolites in major depressive disorder-deep insights into their pathophysiological role and potential translational applications . Metabolites . 2022 ; 12 ( 1 ): 50 .
Petra AI , Panagiotidou S , Hatziagelaki E , Stewart JM , Conti P , Theoharides TC . Gut-microbiota-brain axis and effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation . Clin Ther . 2015 ; 37 ( 5 ): 984 – 95 .
Panther EJ , Dodd W , Clark A , Lucke-Wold B . Gastrointestinal microbiome and neurologic injury . Biomedicines . 2022 ; 10 ( 2 ): 500.
Karsy M , Hawryluk G . Modern medical management of spinal cord injury . Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep . 2019 ; 19 ( 9 ): 65 .
Ong B , Wilson JR , Henzel MK . Management of the patient with chronic spinal cord injury . Med Clin N Am . 2020 ; 104 ( 2 ): 263 – 78 .
Fehlings MG , Ulndreaj A , Badner A . Promising neuroprotective strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury with a focus on the differential effects among anatomical levels of injury . F1000Res . 2017 .
Srinivas S , Wali AR , Pham MH . Efficacy of riluzole in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature . Neurosurg Focus . 2019 ; 46 ( 3 ): E6 .
Wang J , Pearse DD . Therapeutic hypothermia in spinal cord injury: the status of its use and open questions . Int J Mol Sci . 2015 ; 16 ( 8 ): 16848 – 79 .
Popovich PG , Lemeshow S , Gensel JC , Tovar CA . Independent evaluation of the effects of glibenclamide on reducing progressive hemorrhagic necrosis after cervical spinal cord injury . Exp Neurol . 2012 ; 233 ( 2 ): 615 – 22 .
Yang T , Dai YJ , Chen G , Cui S Sen . Dissecting the dual role of the glial scar and scar-forming astrocytes in spinal cord injury . Front Cell Neurosci . 2020 ; 14 : 78 .
Bradbury EJ , Burnside ER . Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair . Nat Commun . 2019 ; 10 ( 1 ): 3879 .
Jin MC , Medress ZA , Azad TD , Doulames VM , Veeravagu A . Stem cell therapies for acute spinal cord injury in humans: a review . Neurosurg Focus . 2019 ; 46 ( 3 ): E10 .
Liau LL , Looi QH , Chia WC , Subramaniam T , Ng MH , Law JX . Treatment of spinal cord injury with mesenchymal stem cells . Cell Biosci . 2020 ; 10 : 112 .
Feng C , Deng L , Yong YY , Wu JM , Qin DL , Yu L , et al . The application of biomaterials in spinal cord injury . Int J Mol Sci . 2023 ; 24 ( 1 ): 816 .
Guo S , Redenski I , Levenberg S . Spinal cord repair: from cells and tissue engineering to extracellular vesicles . Cells . 2021 ; 10 ( 8 ): 1872.
Ortega MA , Fraile-Martinez O , Garcia-Montero C , Alvarez-Mon MA , Gomez-Lahoz AM , Albillos A , et al . An updated view of the importance of vesicular trafficking and transport and their role in immune-mediated diseases: potential therapeutic interventions . Membranes (Basel) . 2022 ; 12 ( 6 ): 552 .
Choi E , Gattas S , Brown N , Hong J , Limbo J , Chan A , et al . Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury . Neural Regen Res . 2021 ; 16 ( 12 ): 2367 – 75 .
Wagner FB , Mignardot JB , Le Goff-Mignardot CG , Demesmaeker R , Komi S , Capogrosso M , et al . Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury . Nature . 2018 ; 563 ( 7729 ): 65 – 71 .
Korzhova J , Sinitsyn D , Chervyakov A , Poydasheva A , Zakharova M , Suponeva N , et al . Transcranial and spinal cord magnetic stimulation in treatment of spasticity: a literature review and meta-analysis . Eur J Phys Rehabil Med . 2018 ; 54 ( 1 ): 75 – 84 .
Fehlings MG , Wilson JR , Harrop JS , Kwon BK , Tetreault LA , Arnold PM , et al . Efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone sodium succinate in acute spinal cord injury: a systematic review . Glob spine J . 2017 ; 7 ( 3 Suppl ): 116S-137S .
Fehlings MG , Tetreault LA , Wilson JR , Kwon BK , Burns AS , Martin AR , et al . A clinical practice guideline for the management of acute spinal cord injury: introduction, rationale, and scope . Global Spine J . 2017 ; 7 ( 3 Suppl ): 84S-94S .
Evaniew N , Belley-Côté EP , Fallah N , Noonan VK , Rivers CS , Dvorak MF . Methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Neurotrauma . 2016 ; 33 ( 5 ): 468 – 81 .
Bowers CA , Kundu B , Hawryluk GWJ . Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: an increasingly philosophical debate . Neural Regen Res . 2016 ; 11 ( 6 ): 882 – 5 .
Schmidt EKA , Raposo PJF , Torres-Espin A , Fenrich KK , Fouad K . Beyond the lesion site: minocycline augments inflammation and anxiety-like behavior following SCI in rats through action on the gut microbiota . J Neuroinflammation . 2021 ; 18 ( 1 ): 144 .
Chio JCT , Xu KJ , Popovich P , David S , Fehlings MG . Neuroimmunological therapies for treating spinal cord injury: evidence and future perspectives . Exp Neurol . 2021 ; 341 : 113704 .
Monteiro S , Salgado AJ , Silva NA . Immunomodulation as a neuroprotective strategy after spinal cord injury . Neural Regen Res . 2018 ; 13 ( 3 ): 423 – 4 .
Chakrabarti M , Das A , Samantaray S , Smith JA , Banik NL , Haque A , et al . Molecular mechanisms of estrogen for neuroprotection in spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury . Rev Neurosci . 2016 ; 27 ( 3 ): 271 – 81 .
Lee JY , Choi HY , Ju BG , Yune TY . Estrogen alleviates neuropathic pain induced after spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglia and astrocyte activation . Biochim Biophys acta Mol basis Dis . 2018 ; 1864 ( 7 ): 2472 – 80 .
Cox A , Capone M , Matzelle D , Vertegel A , Bredikhin M , Varma A , et al . Nanoparticle-based estrogen delivery to spinal cord injury site reduces local parenchymal destruction and improves functional recovery . J Neurotrauma . 2021 ; 38 ( 3 ): 342 – 52 .
Haque A , Drasites KP , Cox A , Capone M , Myatich AI , Shams R , et al . Protective Effects of estrogen via nanoparticle delivery to attenuate myelin loss and neuronal death after spinal cord injury . Neurochem Res . 2021 ; 46 ( 11 ): 2979 – 90 .
Sengelaub DR , Han Q , Liu NK , MacZuga MA , Szalavari V , Valencia SA , et al . Protective effects of estradiol and dihydrotestosterone following spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2018 ; 35 ( 6 ): 825 – 41 .
Brotfain E , Gruenbaum SE , Boyko M , Kutz R , Zlotnik A , Klein M . Neuroprotection by estrogen and progesterone in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury . Curr Neuropharmacol . 2016 ; 14 ( 6 ): 641 – 53 .
Shultz RB , Wang Z , Nong J , Zhang Z , Zhong Y . Local delivery of thyroid hormone enhances oligodendrogenesis and myelination after spinal cord injury . J Neural Eng . 2017 ; 14 ( 3 ): 036014 .
Hill C , Guarner F , Reid G , Gibson GR , Merenstein DJ , Pot B , et al . Expert consensus document. the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2014 ; 11 ( 8 ): 506 – 14 .
García-Montero C , Fraile-Martinez O , Rodriguez-Martín S , Saz JV , Rodriguez RA , Manuel J , et al . The use of prebiotics from pregnancy and its complications: health for mother and offspring— a narrative review . Foods . 2023 ; 12 ( 6 ): 1148.
Swanson KS , Gibson GR , Hutkins R , Reimer RA , Reid G , Verbeke K , et al . The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2020 ; 17 ( 11 ): 687 – 701 .
Jahromi MS , Mure A , Gomez CS . UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder . Curr Urol Rep . 2014 ; 15 ( 9 ): 433 .
Faber WXM , Nachtegaal J , Stolwijk-Swuste JM , Achterberg-Warmer WJ , Koning CJM , Besseling-van der Vaart I , et al . Study protocol of a doubleblind randomised placebo-controlled trial on the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in persons with spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2020 ; 58 ( 2 ): 149 – 56 .
Toh SL , Lee BB , Simpson JM , Rice SA , Kotsiou G , Marial O , et al . Effect of probiotics on multi-resistant organism colonisation in persons with spinal cord injury: secondary outcome of ProSCIUTTU, a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Spinal Cord . 2020 ; 58 ( 7 ): 755 – 67 .
Lee BB , Toh SL , Ryan S , Simpson JM , Clezy K , Bossa L , et al . Probiotics [LGG-BB12 or RC14-GR1 ] versus placebo as prophylaxis for urinary tract infection in persons with spinal cord injury [ProSCIUTTU ] : a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial . BMC Urol . 2016 ; 16 : 18 .
Anukam KC , Hayes K , Summers K , Reid G . Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 may help downregulate TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) in the neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injured patient with urinary tract infections: a two-case study . Adv Urol . 2009 ; 2009 .
Forster CS , Hsieh MH , Pérez-Losada M , Caldovic L , Pohl H , Ljungberg I , et al . A single intravesical instillation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is safe in children and adults with neuropathic bladder: a phase Ia clinical trial . J Spinal Cord Med . 2021 ; 44 ( 1 ): 62 – 9 .
Ortega MA , Álvarez-Mon MA , García-Montero C , Fraile-Martínez Ó , Monserrat J , Martinez-Rozas L , et al . Microbiota–gut–brain axis mechanisms in the complex network of bipolar disorders: potential clinical implications and translational opportunities . Mol Psychiatry . 2023 .
Martínez-Guardado I , Arboleya S , Javier Grijota F , Kaliszewska A , Gueimonde M , Arias N . The therapeutic role of exercise and probiotics in stressful brain conditions . Int J Mol Sci . 2022 ; 23 ( 7 ): 3610 .
Wang JW , Kuo CH , Kuo FC , Wang YK , Hsu WH , Yu FJ , et al . Fecal microbiota transplantation: review and update . J Formos Med Assoc . 2019 ; 118 ( Suppl 1 ): S23 – 31 .
Vindigni SM , Surawicz CM . Fecal microbiota transplantation . Gastroenterol Clin N Am . 2017 ; 46 ( 1 ): 171 – 85 .
Jing Y , Yu Y , Bai F , Wang L , Yang D , Zhang C , et al . Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on neurological restoration in a spinal cord injury mouse model: involvement of brain-gut axis . Microbiome . 2021 ; 9 ( 1 ): 59 .
Jing Y , Bai F , Wang L , Yang D , Yan Y , Wang Q , et al . Fecal microbiota transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse spinal cord injury model by modulating the microenvironment at the lesion site . Microbiol Spectr . 2022 ; 10 ( 3 ): e0017722 .
Schmidt EKA , Torres-Espin A , Raposo PJF , Madsen KL , Kigerl KA , Popovich PG , et al . Fecal transplant prevents gut dysbiosis and anxiety-like behaviour after spinal cord injury in rats . PLoS One . 2020 ; 15 ( 1 ): e0226128 .
Brechmann T , Swol J , Knop-Hammad V , Willert J , Aach M , Cruciger O , et al . Complicated fecal microbiota transplantation in a tetraplegic patient with severe Clostridium difficile infection . World J Gastroenterol . 2015 ; 21 ( 12 ): 3736 – 40 .
Rodocker HI , Bordbar A , Larson MJE , Biltz RG , Wangler L , Fadda P , et al . Breaking mental barriers promotes recovery after spinal cord injury . Front Mol Neurosci . 2022 ; 15 : 868563 .
Warner N , Ikkos G , Gall A . Spinal cord injury rehabilitation and mental health . SCReaM Spinal Cord . 2017 ; 55 ( 3 ): 307 – 13 .
Schultz KR , Mona LR , Cameron RP . Mental health and spinal cord injury: clinical considerations for rehabilitation providers . Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep . 2022 ; 10 ( 3 ): 131 – 9 .
Huston T , Gassaway J , Wilson C , Gordons S , Koval J , Schwebe A . Psychology treatment time during inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation . J Spinal Cord Med . 2011 ; 34 ( 2 ): 196 – 204 .
van Leeuwen CMC , Kraaijeveld S , Lindeman E , Post MWM . Associations between psychological factors and quality of life ratings in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review . Spinal Cord . 2012 ; 50 ( 3 ): 174 – 87 .
Khanjani MS , Kazemi J , Younesi J , Dadkhah A , Biglarian A , Barmi BE . The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on psychological flexibility and emotional regulation in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomized controlled trial . Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci . 2021 ; 15 : 105378 .
Wagner CC , McMahon BT . Motivational interviewing and rehabilitation counseling practice . Rehabil Couns Bull . 2016 ; 47 ( 3 ): 152 – 61 .
Heutink M , Post MWM , Luthart P , Schuitemaker M , Slangen S , Sweers J , et al . Long-term outcomes of a multidisciplinary cognitive behavioural programme for coping with chronic neuropathic spinal cord injury pain . J Rehabil Med . 2014 ; 46 ( 6 ): 540 – 5 .
Dorstyn D , Mathias J , Denson L . Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the management of psychological outcomes following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis . J Health Psychol . 2011 ; 16 ( 2 ): 374 – 91 .
Chemtob K , Caron JG , Fortier MS , Latimer-Cheung AE , Zelaya W , Sweet SN . Exploring the peer mentorship experiences of adults with spinal cord injury . Rehabil Psychol . 2018 ; 63 ( 4 ): 542 – 52 .
Mehta S , Hadjistavropoulos HD , Earis D , Titov N , Dear BF . Patient perspectives of internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for psychosocial issues post spinal cord injury . Rehabil Psychol . 2019 ; 64 ( 3 ): 351 – 9 .
Müller R , Peter C , Cieza A , Geyh S . The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury—a systematic review of the literature . Spinal Cord . 2012 ; 50 ( 2 ): 94 – 106 .
Bhattarai M , Smedema SM , Hoyt WT , Bishop M . The role of mindfulness in quality of life of persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study . Health Qual Life Outcomes . 2022 ; 20 ( 1 ): 148.
Askari S , Holthof R , Zaborowski M , Brown H . Mindfulness meditation program in inpatient spinal cord injury setting . J Spinal Cord Med . 2021 ; 44 ( Suppl 1 ): S293 – 4 .
Hearn JH , Cross A . Mindfulness for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review . BMC Neurol . 2020 ; 20 ( 1 ): 32 .
Aktürk S , Aktürk Ü . Determining the spiritual well-being of patients with spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 2020 ; 43 ( 1 ): 69 – 76 .
Rahnama P , Javidan AN , Saberi H , Montazeri A , Tavakkoli S , Pakpour AH , et al . Does religious coping and spirituality have a moderating role on depression and anxiety in patients with spinal cord injury? A study from Iran . Spinal Cord . 2015 ; 53 : 870 – 4 .
Guthrie GE . What is lifestyle medicine? Am J Lifestyle Med . 2018 ; 12 ( 5 ): 363 – 4 .
Fraile-Martinez O , Alvarez-Mon MA , Garcia-Montero C , Pekarek L , Guijarro LG , Lahera G , et al . Understanding the basis of major depressive disorder in oncological patients: biological links, clinical management, challenges, and lifestyle medicine . Front Oncol . 2022 .
Dionyssiotis Y . Malnutrition in spinal cord injury: more than nutritional deficiency . J Clin Med Res . 2012 ; 4 ( 4 ): 227 – 36 .
Wong S , Derry F , Jamous A , Hirani SP , Grimble G , Forbes A . The prevalence of malnutrition in spinal cord injuries patients: a UK multicentre study . Br J Nutr . 2012 ; 108 ( 5 ): 918 – 23 .
Bigford G , Nash MS . Nutritional health considerations for persons with spinal cord injury . Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil . 2017 ; 23 ( 3 ): 188 – 206 .
Li J , Gower B , McLain A , Yarar-Fisher C . Effects of a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet on metabolic health in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: an exploratory analysis of results from a randomized controlled trial . Physiol Rep . 2022 ; 10 ( 22 ): 15501 .
Bernardi M , Fedullo AL , Bernardi E , Munzi D , Peluso I , Myers J , et al . Diet in neurogenic bowel management: a viewpoint on spinal cord injury . World J Gastroenterol . 2020 ; 26 ( 20 ): 2479 – 97 .
Campos J , Silva NA , Salgado AJ . Nutritional interventions for spinal cord injury: preclinical efficacy and molecular mechanisms . Nutr Rev . 2022 ; 80 ( 5 ): 1206 – 21 .
Flueck JL , Perret C . Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: a literature review . Spinal Cord . 2017 ; 55 ( 5 ): 428 – 34 .
Turczyn P , Wojdasiewicz P , Poniatowski ŁA , Purrahman D , Maślińska M , Żurek G , et al . Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of spinal cord injury: untapped potential for therapeutic intervention? Mol Biol Rep . 2022 ; 49 ( 11 ): 10797 – 809 .
Galán-Arriero I , Serrano-Muñoz D , Gómez-Soriano J , Goicoechea C , Taylor J , Velasco A , et al . The role of omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids for the treatment of neuropathic pain after neurotrauma . Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr . 2017 ; 1859 ( 9 Pt B ): 1629 – 35 .
Rabchevsky AG , Sullivan PG , Fugaccia I , Scheff SW . Creatine diet supplement for spinal cord injury: influences on functional recovery and tissue sparing in rats . J Neurotrauma . 2003 ; 20 ( 7 ): 659 – 69 .
Islam F , Bepary S , Nafady MH , Islam MR , Emran TB , Sultana S , et al . Polyphenols targeting oxidative stress in spinal cord injury: current status and future vision . Oxid Med Cell Longev . https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8741787.
Khalatbary AR . Natural polyphenols and spinal cord injury . Iran Biomed J . 2014 ; 18 ( 3 ): 120 – 9 .
Iqubal A , Ahmed M , Iqubal MK , Pottoo FH , Haque SE . Polyphenols as potential therapeutics for pain and inflammation in spinal cord injury . Curr Mol Pharmacol . 2021 ; 14 ( 5 ): 714 – 30 .
Alvarez-Mon MA , Ortega MA , García-Montero C , Fraile-Martinez O , Monserrat J , Lahera G , et al . Exploring the role of nutraceuticals in major depressive disorder (MDD): rationale, state of the art and future prospects . Pharmaceuticals (Basel) . 2021 ; 14 ( 8 ): 821 .
Miller LE , Herbert WG . Health and economic benefits of physical activity for patients with spinal cord injury . Clinicoecon Outcomes Res . 2016 ; 8 : 551 – 8 .
Soriano JE , Squair JW , Cragg JJ , Thompson J , Sanguinetti R , Vaseghi B , et al . A national survey of physical activity after spinal cord injury . Sci Rep . 2022 ; 12 ( 1 ): 4405 .
de Oliveira BIR , Howie EK , Dunlop SA , Galea MP , McManus A , Allison GT . SCIPA Com: outcomes from the spinal cord injury and physical activity in the community intervention . Spinal Cord . 2016 ; 54 ( 10 ): 855 – 60 .
Nooijen CFJ , De Groot S , Postma K , Bergen MP , Stam HJ , Bussmann JBJ , et al . A more active lifestyle in persons with a recent spinal cord injury benefits physical fitness and health . Spinal Cord . 2012 ; 50 ( 4 ): 320 – 3 .
Smith B , Papathomas A , Martin Ginis KA , Latimer-Cheung AE . Understanding physical activity in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: translating and communicating research through stories . Disabil Rehabil . 2013 ; 35 ( 24 ): 2046 – 55 .
Eitivipart AC , De Oliveira CQ , Arora M , Middleton J , Davis GM . Overview of systematic reviews of aerobic fitness and muscle strength training after spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2019 ; 36 ( 21 ): 2943 – 63 .
Miller JM . Aerobic and resistance training for individuals with spinal cord injuries . Strength Cond J . 2021 ; 43 ( 6 ): 1 – 8 .
Sankari A , Badr MS , Martin JL , Ayas NT , Berlowitz DJ . Impact of spinal cord injury on sleep: current perspectives . Nat Sci Sleep . 2019 ; 11 : 219 – 29 .
Thøfner Hultén VD , Biering-Sørensen F , Jørgensen NR , Jennum PJ . Melatonin and cortisol in individuals with spinal cord injury . Sleep Med . 2018 ; 51 : 92 – 8 .
Fatima G , Sharma VP , Verma NS . Circadian variations in melatonin and cortisol in patients with cervical spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 2016 ; 54 ( 5 ): 364 – 7 .
Fatemeh G , Sajjad M , Niloufar R , Neda S , Leila S , Khadijeh M . Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . J Neurol . 2022 ; 269 ( 1 ): 205 – 16 .
Whelan A , Halpine M , Christie SD , McVeigh SA . Systematic review of melatonin levels in individuals with complete cervical spinal cord injury . J Spinal Cord Med . 2020 ; 43 ( 5 ): 565 – 78 .
Zhang Y , Zhang WX , Zhang YJ , Liu YD , Liu ZJ , Wu QC , et al . Melatonin for the treatment of spinal cord injury . Neural Regen Res . 2018 ; 13 ( 10 ): 1685 – 92 .
0
浏览量
2
Downloads
0
CSCD
- 网络PDF下载
- Meta-XML下载
- BibTeX下载
- Endnote下载
- RefMan 下载
- NoteExpress下载
- NoteFirst下载
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
- 技术支持由北京北大方正电子有限公司提供 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - 本系统建议在Chrome、 IE9+ 以上版本浏览器阅读本站内容，360浏览器请切换至极速模式
- Cookies帮助我们提供服务并提供个性化体验。使用本网站，即表示您同意我们使用Cookies