Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice

Natalie Yan-Lin Pang; Alexander Shao-Rong Pang; Vincent T. Chow; De-Yun Wang

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice

REVIEW | Updated：2023-02-28

- Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice
- Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice
- 解放军医学杂志（英文版） 2022年9卷第2期页码：215-230
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
  2.Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
  3.Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
  4.Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Author bio：
  
  * micctk@nus.edu.sg;
  entwdy@nus.edu.sg
- Funds：
  
  the National Medical Research Council, Singapore(NMRC COVID19RF2-0002)
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版：2022-04
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice[J]. 解放军医学杂志（英文版）, 2022,9(2):215-230.

Pang et al.: Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice. Mil Med Res, 2021, 8: 47.
Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice[J]. 解放军医学杂志（英文版）, 2022,9(2):215-230. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3.

Pang et al.: Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice. Mil Med Res, 2021, 8: 47. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3.

摘要

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly identified member of the coronavirus family that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This rapidly evolving and unrelenting SARS-CoV-2 has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of millions worldwide. As of 23 August 2021

a total of 211

373

303 COVID-19 cases have been confirmed globally with a death toll of 4

424

341. A strong understanding of the infection pathway of SARS-CoV-2

and how our immune system responds to the virus is highly pertinent for guiding the development and improvement of effective treatments. In this review

we discuss the current understanding of neutralising antibodies (NAbs) and their implications in clinical practice. The aspects include the pathophysiology of the immune response

particularly humoral adaptive immunity and the roles of NAbs from B cells in infection clearance. We summarise the onset and persistence of IgA

IgM and IgG antibodies

and we explore their roles in neutralising SARS-CoV-2

their persistence in convalescent individuals

and in reinfection. Furthermore

we also review the applications of neutralising antibodies in the clinical setting—from predictors of disease severity to serological testing to vaccinations

and finally in therapeutics such as convalescent plasma infusion.

关键词

Keywords

references

Lv Z , Deng YQ , Ye Q , Cao L , Sun CY , Fan C , et al . Structural basis for neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by a potent therapeutic antibody . Science . 2020 ; 369 ( 6510 ): 1505 - 9 .

Zhou P , Yang XL , Wang XG , Hu B , Zhang L , Zhang W , et al . A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin . Nature . 2020 ; 579 ( 7798 ): 270 - 3 .

World Health Organization . Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard 2021 . https://covid19.who.int/ https://covid19.who.int/ . Accessed 23 Aug 2021 .

Fehr AR , Perlman S . Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis . Methods Mol Biol . 2015 ; 1282 : 1 - 23 .

Chen J , Huang R , Nie Y , Wen X , Wu Y . Human monoclonal antibodies: on the menu of targeted therapeutics against COVID-19 . Virol Sin . 2020 ; 35 ( 6 ): 713 - 24 .

Liu P , Jiang JZ , Wan XF , Hua Y , Li L , Zhou J , et al . Are pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)? PLoS Pathog . 2020 ; 6 ( 5 ): e1008421 .

Chan JF , To KK , Tse H , Jin DY , Yuen KY . Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds . Trends Microbiol . 2013 ; 21 ( 10 ): 544 - 55 .

Cohen J . Mining Coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak’s origins . https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins . Accessed 2 Aug 2021 .

Wrapp D , Wang N , Corbett KS , Goldsmith JA , Hsieh C-L , Abiona O , et al . Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation . Science . 2020 ; 367 ( 6483 ): 1260 - 3 .

Zeng C , Evans JP , Pearson R , Qu P , Zheng YM , Robinson RT , et al . Neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike in COVID-19 patients, health care workers, and convalescent plasma donors . JCI Insight . 2020 ; 5 ( 22 ): e143213 .

Yang Y , Du L . SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: a key target for eliciting persistent neutralizing antibodies . Signal Transduct Target Ther . 2021 ; 6 ( 1 ): 95 .

Batra M , Tian R , Zhang C , Clarence E , Sacher CS , Miranda JN , et al . Role of IgG against N-protein of SARS-CoV2 in COVID19 clinical outcomes . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 3455 .

Wajnberg A , Amanat F , Firpo A , Altman DR , Bailey MJ , Mansour M , et al . Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months . Science . 2020 ; 370 ( 6521 ): 1227 - 30 .

Wu Y , Wang F , Shen C , Peng W , Li D , Zhao C , et al . A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2 . Science . 2020 ; 368 ( 6496 ): 1274 - 8 .

Assadiasl S , Fatahi Y , Zavvar M , Nicknam MH . COVID-19: significance of antibodies . Hum Antibodies . 2020 ; 28 ( 4 ): 287 - 97 .

Arvin AM , Fink K , Schmid MA , Cathcart A , Spreafico R , Havenar-Daughton C , et al . A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 . Nature . 2020 ; 584 ( 7821 ): 353 - 63 .

Muus C , Luecken MD , Eraslan G , Waghray A , Heimberg G , Sikkema L , et al . Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells . bioRxiv . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254 .

Blanco-Melo D , Nilsson-Payant BE , Liu W-C , Uhl S , Hoagland D , Møller R , et al . Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19 . Cell . 2020 ; 181 ( 5 ): 1036-45.e9 .

Wang K , Long QX , Deng HJ , Hu J , Gao QZ , Zhang GJ , et al . Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 ; 73 ( 3 ): e531 - 9 .

Wheatley AK , Juno JA , Wang JJ , Selva KJ , Reynaldi A , Tan HX , et al . Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19 . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 1162 .

Tai W , He L , Zhang X , Pu J , Voronin D , Jiang S , et al . Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine . Cell Mol Immunol . 2020 ; 17 ( 6 ): 613 - 20 .

Varnaitė R , García M , Glans H , Maleki KT , Sandberg JT , Tynell J , et al . Expansion of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody-secreting cells and generation of neutralizing antibodies in hospitalized COVID-19 patients . J Immunol . 2020 ; 205 ( 9 ): 2437 - 46 .

Dogan M , Kozhaya L , Placek L , Gunter C , Yigit M , Hardy R , et al . SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody and neutralization assays reveal the wide range of the humoral immune response to virus . Commun Biol . 2021 ; 4 ( 1 ): 129 .

Bonilla FA , Oettgen HC . Adaptive immunity . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2010 ; 125 ( Suppl 2 ): S33 - 40 .

Murin CD , Wilson IA , Ward AB . Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses . Nat Microbiol . 2019 ; 4 ( 5 ): 734 - 47 .

Liu X , Wang J , Xu X , Liao G , Chen Y , Hu CH . Patterns of IgG and IgM antibody response in COVID-19 patients . Emerg Microbes Infect . 2020 ; 9 ( 1 ): 1269 - 74 .

Figueiredo-Campos P , Blankenhaus B , Mota C , Gomes A , Serrano M , Ariotti S , et al . Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset . Eur J Immunol . 2020 ; 50 ( 12 ): 2025 - 40 .

Zhao J , Yuan Q , Wang H , Liu W , Liao X , Su Y , et al . Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 ; 71 ( 16 ): 2027 - 34 .

Long QX , Liu BZ , Deng HJ , Wu GC , Deng K , Chen YK , et al . Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 . Nat Med . 2020 ; 26 ( 6 ): 845 - 8 .

Wang Y , Zhang L , Sang L , Ye F , Ruan S , Zhong B , et al . Kinetics of viral load and antibody response in relation to COVID-19 severity . J Clin Investig . 2020 ; 130 ( 10 ): 5235 - 44 .

Zhang W , Du RH , Li B , Zheng XS , Yang XL , Hu B , et al . Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes . Emerg Microbes Infect . 2020 ; 9 ( 1 ): 386 - 9 .

Cervia C , Nilsson J , Zurbuchen Y , Valaperti A , Schreiner J , Wolfensberger A , et al . Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19 . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 2021 ; 147 ( 2 ): 545 - 57 .

Zhou C , Bu G , Sun Y , Ren C , Qu M , Gao Y , et al . Evaluation of serum IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID-19 patients by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay . J Med Virol . 2021 ; 93 ( 5 ): 2857 - 66 .

Marklund E , Leach S , Axelsson H , Nyström K , Norder H , Bemark M , et al . Serum-IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 after mild and severe COVID-19 infection and analysis of IgG non-responders . PLoS ONE . 2020 ; 15 ( 10 ): e0241104 .

Yadav PD , Ella R , Kumar S , Patil DR , Mohandas S , Shete AM , et al . Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, BBV152 in rhesus macaques . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 1386 .

Zhang G , Nie S , Zhang Z , Zhang Z . Longitudinal change of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 . J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 222 ( 2 ): 183 - 8 .

Jin Y , Wang M , Zuo Z , Fan C , Ye F , Cai Z , et al . Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019 . Int J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 94 : 49 - 52 .

Iyer AS , Jones FK , Nodoushani A , Kelly M , Becker M , Slater D , et al . Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients . Sci Immunol . 2020 ; 5 ( 52 ): eabe0367 .

Valdez-Cruz NA , García-Hernández E , Espitia C , Cobos-Marín L , Altamirano C , Bando-Campos CG , et al . Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment . Microb Cell Fact . 2021 ; 20 ( 1 ): 88 .

Seow J , Graham C , Merrick B , Acors S , Pickering S , Steel KJA , et al . Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans . Nat Microbiol . 2020 ; 5 ( 12 ): 1598 - 607 .

Marot S , Malet I , Leducq V , Zafilaza K , Sterlin D , Planas D , et al . Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infected healthcare workers . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 844 .

Sterlin D , Mathian A , Miyara M , Mohr A , Anna F , Claër L , et al . IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 . Sci Transl Med . 2021 ; 13 ( 577 ): eabd2223 .

Stadlbauer D , Amanat F , Chromikova V , Jiang K , Strohmeier S , Arunkumar GA , et al . SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans: a detailed protocol for a serological assay, antigen production, and test setup . Curr Protoc Microbiol . 2020 ; 57 ( 1 ): e100 .

Padoan A , Sciacovelli L , Basso D , Negrini D , Zuin S , Cosma C , et al . IgA-Ab response to spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal study . Clin Chim Acta . 2020 ; 507 : 164 - 6 .

Heidepriem J , Dahlke C , Kobbe R , Santer R , Koch T , Fathi A , et al . Longitudinal development of antibody responses in COVID-19 patients of different severity with ELISA, Peptide, and Glycan arrays: an immunological case series . Pathogens . 2021 ; 10 ( 4 ): 438 .

Lagerqvist N , Maleki KT , Verner-Carlsson J , Olausson M , Dillner J , Wigren Byström J , et al . Evaluation of 11 SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests by using samples from patients with defined IgG antibody titers . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 7614 .

Goel RR , Apostolidis SA , Painter MM , Mathew D , Pattekar A , Kuthuru O , et al . Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination . Sci Immunol . 2021 ; 6 ( 58 ): 1 - 19 .

Vickers MA , Sariol A , Leon J , Ehlers A , Locher AV , Dubay KA , et al . Exponential increase in neutralizing and spike specific antibodies following vaccination of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors . Transfusion . 2021 ; 61 ( 7 ): 2099 - 106 .

Garcia-Beltran WF , Lam EC , Astudillo MG , Yang D , Miller TE , Feldman J , et al . COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival . Cell . 2021 ; 184 ( 2 ): 476-88.e11 .

Crawford KHD , Dingens AS , Eguia R , Wolf CR , Wilcox N , Logue JK , et al . Dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers in the months after SARS-CoV-2 infection . J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 223 : jiaa618 .

Bruni M , Cecatiello V , Diaz-Basabe A , Lattanzi G , Mileti E , Monzani S , et al . Persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in non-hospitalized COVID-19 convalescent health care workers . J Clin Med . 2020 ; 9 ( 10 ): 3188 .

Yang C , Jiang M , Wang X , Tang X , Fang S , Li H , et al . Viral RNA level, serum antibody responses, and transmission risk in recovered COVID-19 patients with recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test results: a population-based observational cohort study . Emerg Microbes Infect . 2020 ; 9 ( 1 ): 2368 - 78 .

Dispinseri S , Secchi M , Pirillo MF , Tolazzi M , Borghi M , Brigatti C , et al . Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 2670 .

Masiá M , Telenti G , Fernández M , García JA , Agulló V , Padilla S , et al . SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and viral clearance in patients hospitalized with covid-19: viral load predicts antibody response . Open Forum Infect Dis . 2021 ; 8 ( 2 ): ofab005 .

Tang J , Ravichandran S , Lee Y , Grubbs G , Coyle EM , Klenow L , et al . Antibody affinity maturation and plasma IgA associate with clinical outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 1221 .

Lau EHY , Tsang OTY , Hui DSC , Kwan MYW , Chan WH , Chiu SS , et al . Neutralizing antibody titres in SARS-CoV-2 infections . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 63 .

Trinité B , Tarrés-Freixas F , Rodon J , Pradenas E , Urrea V , Marfil S , et al . SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits a rapid neutralizing antibody response that correlates with disease severity . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 2608 .

Robbiani DF , Gaebler C , Muecksch F , Lorenzi JCC , Wang Z , Cho A , et al . Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals . Nature . 2020 ; 584 ( 7821 ): 437 - 42 .

Wang C , Li W , Drabek D , Okba NMA , Van Haperen R , Osterhaus ADME , et al . A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection . Nat Commun . 2020 ; 11 ( 1 ): 2251 .

Pinto D , Park YJ , Beltramello M , Walls AC , Tortorici MA , Bianchi S , et al . Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody . Nature . 2020 ; 583 ( 7815 ): 290 - 5 .

Ju B , Zhang Q , Ge J , Wang R , Sun J , Ge X , et al . Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection . Nature . 2020 ; 584 ( 7819 ): 115 - 9 .

Billon-Denis E , Ferrier-Rembert A , Garnier A , Cheutin L , Vigne C , Tessier E , et al . Differential serological and neutralizing antibody dynamics after an infection by a single SARS-CoV-2 strain . Infection . 2021 ; 49 ( 4 ): 781 - 3 .

To KK , Tsang OT , Leung WS , Tam AR , Wu TC , Lung DC , et al . Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study . Lancet Infect Dis . 2020 ; 20 ( 5 ): 565 - 74 .

Gudbjartsson DF , Norddahl GL , Melsted P , Gunnarsdottir K , Holm H , Eythorsson E , et al . Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 383 ( 18 ): 1724 - 34 .

Mcandrews KM , Dowlatshahi DP , Dai J , Becker LM , Hensel J , Snowden LM , et al . Heterogeneous antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid with implications for COVID-19 immunity . JCI Insight . 2020 ; 5 ( 18 ): e142386 .

Ren L , Fan G , Wu W , Guo L , Wang Y , Li X , et al . Antibody responses and clinical outcomes in adults hospitalized with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a post hoc analysis of lotus China trial . Clin Infect Dis . 2021 ; 72 ( 10 ): e545 - 51 .

Premkumar L , Segovia-Chumbez B , Jadi R , Martinez DR , Raut R , Markmann A , et al . The receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein is an immunodominant and highly specific target of antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 patients . Sci Immunol . 2020 ; 5 ( 48 ): eabc8413 .

Benner SE , Patel EU , Laeyendecker O , Pekosz A , Littlefield K , Eby Y , et al . SARS-CoV-2 antibody avidity responses in COVID-19 patients and convalescent plasma donors . J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 222 ( 12 ): 1974 - 84 .

Zhang J , Wu Q , Liu Z , Wang Q , Wu J , Hu Y , et al . Spike-specific circulating T follicular helper cell and cross-neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19-convalescent individuals . Nat Microbiol . 2021 ; 6 ( 1 ): 51 - 8 .

Grifoni A , Sidney J , Zhang Y , Scheuermann RH , Peters B , Sette A . A Sequence homology and bioinformatic approach can predict candidate targets for immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 . Cell Host Microbe . 2020 ; 27 ( 4 ): 671-80.e2 .

Gaebler C , Wang Z , Lorenzi JCC , Muecksch F , Finkin S , Tokuyama M , et al . Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2 . Nature . 2021 ; 591 ( 7851 ): 639 - 44 .

Long QX , Tang XJ , Shi QL , Li Q , Deng HJ , Yuan J , et al . Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections . Nat Med . 2020 ; 26 ( 8 ): 1200 - 4 .

Ibarrondo FJ , Fulcher JA , Goodman-Meza D , Elliott J , Hofmann C , Hausner MA , et al . Rapid decay of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19 . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 383 ( 11 ): 1085 - 7 .

Huang M , Lu QB , Zhao H , Zhang Y , Sui Z , Fang L , et al . Temporal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of coronavirus disease 2019 . Cell Discov . 2020 ; 6 : 64 .

Smith KG , Hewitson TD , Nossal GJ , Tarlinton DM . The phenotype and fate of the antibody-forming cells of the splenic foci . Eur J Immunol . 1996 ; 26 ( 2 ): 444 - 8 .

L’Huillier AG , Meyer B , Andrey DO , Arm-Vernez I , Baggio S , Didierlaurent A , et al . Antibody persistence in the first 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers: a prospective longitudinal study . Clin Microbiol Infect . 2021 ; 27 ( 5 ): 784.e1 - e8 .

Rodda LB , Netland J , Shehata L , Pruner KB , Morawski PA , Thouvenel CD , et al . Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19 . Cell . 2021 ; 184 ( 1 ): 169-83.e17 .

Röltgen K , Powell AE , Wirz OF , Stevens BA , Hogan CA , Najeeb J , et al . Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome . Sci Immunol . 2021 ; 5 ( 54 ): eabe0240 .

Edridge AWD , Kaczorowska J , Hoste ACR , Bakker M , Klein M , Loens K , et al . Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting . Nat Med . 2020 ; 26 ( 11 ): 1691 - 3 .

Callow KA , Parry HF , Sergeant M , Tyrrell DA . The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man . Epidemiol Infect . 1990 ; 105 ( 2 ): 435 - 46 .

Kim YI , Kim SM , Park SJ , Kim EH , Yu KM , Chang JH , et al . Critical role of neutralizing antibody for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and transmission . Emerg Microbes Infect . 2021 ; 10 ( 1 ): 152 - 60 .

Chandrashekar A , Liu J , Martinot AJ , Mcmahan K , Mercado NB , Peter L , et al . SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques . Science . 2020 ; 369 ( 6505 ): 812 - 7 .

Bartsch YC , Fischinger S , Siddiqui SM , Chen Z , Yu J , Gebre M , et al . Discrete SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers track with functional humoral stability . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 1018 .

Bauer G . The potential significance of high avidity immunoglobulin G (IgG) for protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2 . Int J Infect Dis . 2021 ; 106 : 61 - 4 .

Bauer G . The variability of the serological response to SARS-corona virus-2: potential resolution of ambiguity through determination of avidity (functional affinity) . J Med Virol . 2021 ; 93 ( 1 ): 311 - 22 .

Gozalbo-Rovira R , Gimenez E , Latorre V , Francés-Gómez C , Albert E , Buesa J , et al . SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, serum inflammatory biomarkers and clinical severity of hospitalized COVID-19 patients . J Clin Virol . 2020 ; 131 : 104611 .

Long QX , Jia YJ , Wang X , Deng HJ , Cao XX , Yuan J , et al . Immune memory in convalescent patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 . Cell Discov . 2021 ; 7 ( 1 ): 18 .

Kutsuna S , Asai Y , Matsunaga A , Kinoshita N , Terada M , Miyazato Y , et al . Factors associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production in patients convalescing from COVID-19 . J Infect Chemother . 2021 ; 27 ( 6 ): 808 - 13 .

Eroshenko N , Gill T , Keaveney MK , Church GM , Trevejo JM , Rajaniemi H . Implications of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection for SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures . Nat Biotechnol . 2020 ; 38 ( 7 ): 789 - 91 .

Legros V , Denolly S , Vogrig M , Boson B , Siret E , Rigaill J , et al . A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity . Cell Mol Immunol . 2021 ; 18 ( 2 ): 318 - 27 .

Chen W , Zhang J , Qin X , Wang W , Xu M , Wang LF , et al . SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels are correlated with severity of COVID-19 pneumonia . Biomed Pharmacother . 2020 ; 130 : 110629 .

Lee WS , Wheatley AK , Kent SJ , Dekosky BJ . Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies . Nat Microbiol . 2020 ; 5 ( 10 ): 1185 - 91 .

Krammer F . SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development . Nature . 2020 ; 586 ( 7830 ): 516 - 27 .

Wang Z , Schmidt F , Weisblum Y , Muecksch F , Barnes CO , Finkin S , et al . mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants . Nature . 2021 ; 592 ( 7855 ): 616 - 22 .

Muecksch F , Wise H , Batchelor B , Squires M , Semple E , Richardson C , et al . Longitudinal serological analysis and neutralizing antibody levels in coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent patients . J Infect Dis . 2021 ; 223 ( 3 ): 389 - 98 .

Chau CH , Strope JD , Figg WD . COVID-19 clinical diagnostics and testing technology . Pharmacotherapy . 2020 ; 40 ( 8 ): 857 - 68 .

Kobashi Y , Shimazu Y , Nishikawa Y , Kawamura T , Kodama T , Obara D , et al . The difference between IgM and IgG antibody prevalence in different serological assays for COVID-19; lessons from the examination of healthcare workers . Int Immunopharmacol . 2021 ; 92 : 107360 .

Padoan A , Bonfante F , Cosma C , Di Chiara C , Sciacovelli L , Pagliari M , et al . Analytical and clinical performances of a SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG assay: comparison with neutralization titers . Clin Chem Lab Med . 2021 ; 59 ( 8 ): 1444 - 52 .

Valdivia A , Torres I , Latorre V , Francés-Gómez C , Albert E , Gozalbo-Rovira R , et al . Inference of SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding neutralizing antibody titers in sera from hospitalized COVID-19 patients by using commercial enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . 2021 ; 40 ( 3 ): 485 - 94 .

Vogelzang EH , Loeff FC , Derksen NIL , Kruithof S , Ooijevaar-De Heer P , Van Mierlo G , et al . Development of a SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay and the dynamics of antibody response over time in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19 . J Immunol . 2020 ; 205 ( 12 ): 3491 - 9 .

Fu Y , Li Y , Guo E , He L , Liu J , Yang B , et al . Dynamics and correlation among viral positivity, seroconversion, and disease severity in COVID-19: a retrospective study . Ann Intern Med . 2021 ; 174 ( 4 ): 453 - 61 .

Rogers TF , Zhao F , Huang D , Beutler N , Burns A , He WT , et al . Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model . Science . 2020 ; 369 ( 6506 ): 956 .

Zhang L , Pang R , Xue X , Bao J , Ye S , Dai Y , et al . Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19 . Aging . 2020 ; 12 ( 8 ): 6536 - 42 .

Libster R , Pérez Marc G , Wappner D , Coviello S , Bianchi A , Braem V , et al . Early high-titer plasma therapy to prevent severe Covid-19 in older adults . N Engl J Med . 2021 ; 384 ( 7 ): 610 - 8 .

Focosi D , Franchini M . Clinical predictors of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in COVID-19 convalescents: Implications for convalescent plasma donor recruitment . Eur J Haematol . 2021 ; 107 ( 1 ): 24 - 8 .

Jungbauer C , Weseslindtner L , Weidner L , Gänsdorfer S , Farcet MR , Gschaider-Reichhart E , et al . Characterization of 100 sequential SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma donations . Transfusion . 2021 ; 61 ( 1 ): 12 - 6 .

Shang Y , Liu T , Li J , Wang X , Zhou F . Factors affecting antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with severe COVID-19 . J Med Virol . 2021 ; 93 ( 2 ): 612 - 4 .

Li L , Tong X , Chen H , He R , Lv Q , Yang R , et al . Characteristics and serological patterns of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: optimal donors and timing of donation . Transfusion . 2020 ; 60 ( 8 ): 1765 - 72 .

Wang L , Zhou T , Zhang Y , Yang ES , Schramm CA , Shi W , et al . Ultrapotent antibodies against diverse and highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants . Science . 2021 ; 373 ( 6556 ): eabh1766 .

Mallajosyula V , Ganjavi C , Chakraborty S , Mcsween AM , Pavlovitch-Bedzyk AJ , Wilhelmy J , et al . CD8(+) T cells specific for conserved coronavirus epitopes correlate with milder disease in COVID-19 patients . Sci Immunol . 2021 ; 6 ( 61 ): eabg5669 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

A cross-sectional study of olfactory and taste disorders among COVID-19 patients in China

Common mtDNA variations at C5178a and A249d/T6392C/G10310A decrease the risk of severe COVID-19 in a Han Chinese population from Central China

Early stage nonclinical pulmonary disorder in COVID-19 may present asymptomatic and fuel the contagion

Development of rapid advice guideline and standard and continuous updating guideline: experiences and practice