Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)

Ying-Hui Jin; Qing-Yuan Zhan; Zhi-Yong Peng; Xue-Qun Ren; Xun-Tao Yin; Lin Cai; Yu-Feng Yuan; Ji-Rong Yue; Xiao-Chun Zhang; Qi-Wen Yang; Jianguang Ji; Jian Xia; Yi-Rong Li; Fu-Xiang Zhou; Ya-Dong Gao; Zhui Yu; Feng Xu; Ming-Li Tu; Li-Ming Tan; Min Yang; Fang Chen; Xiao-Ju Zhang; Mei Zeng; Yu Zhu; Xin-Can Liu; Jian Yang; Dong-Chi Zhao; Yu-Feng Ding; Ning Hou; Fu-Bing Wang; Hao Chen; Yong-Gang Zhang; Wei Li; Wen Chen; Yue-Xian Shi; Xiu-Zhi Yang; Xue-Jun Wang; Yan-Jun Zhong; Ming-Juan Zhao; Bing-Hui Li; Lin-Lu Ma; Hao Zi; Na Wang; Yun-Yun Wang; Shao-Fu Yu; Lu-Yao Li; Qiao Huang; Hong Weng; Xiang-Ying Ren; Li-Sha Luo; Man-Ru Fan; Di Huang; Hong-Yang Xue; Lin-Xin Yu; Jin-Ping Gao; Tong Deng; Xian-Tao Zeng; Hong-Jun Li; Zhen-Shun Cheng; Xiao-Mei Yao; Xing-Huan Wang; Evidence-Based Medicine Chapter of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM); Chinese Research Hospital Association (CRHA)

doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00270-8

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)

POSITION ARTICLE AND GUIDELINES | Updated：2023-06-05

- Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)
- Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)
- MMR 2020年7卷第3期页码：249-282
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  2.National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.
  3.Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 10029, China.
  4.Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan, Wuhan 430200, China.
  5.Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  6.Institutes of Evidence-based Medicine and Knowledge Translation, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.
  7.Department of Medical Imaging, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China.
  8.Departments of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  9.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  10.National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
  11.Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
  12.Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  13.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing 100730, China.
  14.Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University and Region Skåne, 25002 Malmö, Sweden.
  15.Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 403371, China.
  16.Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  17.Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 43071, China.
  18.Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
  19.Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China.
  20.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou 441300, Hubei, China.
  21.Department of Clinic Pharmacy, Second People's Hospital of Huaihua City, Huaihua 418000, Hunan, China.
  22.Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
  23.Department of Internal Medicine, Zhengzhou University Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
  24.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
  25.Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
  26.Department of Infectious Disease, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
  27.Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
  28.Department of Cardiology, Yichang NO.1 Hospital, Renmin Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei, China.
  29.Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  30.Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
  31.Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250021, China.
  32.Laboratory of Integrated Acupuncture and Drugs, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
  33.Department of Periodical Press, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
  34.Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China.
  35.Department of Radiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
  36.School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
  37.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.
  38.Department of Emergency, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing 100073, China.
  39.ICU Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
  40.Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  41.Department of Haematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  42.College of Nursing and Health, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.
  43.School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
  44.Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
  45.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
  46.Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Author bio：
  
  * zengxiantao1128@163.com;
  lihongjun00113@126.com;
  chzs1990@163.com;
  yaoxia@mcmaster.ca;
  wangxinghuan1965@163.com
- Funds：
  
  National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC0845500);Special Project for Emergency of Hubei Province(2020FCA008);First Level Funding of the Second Medical Leading Talent Project in Hubei Province
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-020-00270-8
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版：2020-09
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)[J]. MMR, 2020,7(3):249-282.

Jin et al.: Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version). Mil Med Res, 2020, 7: 41
Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version)[J]. MMR, 2020,7(3):249-282. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-020-00270-8.

Jin et al.: Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of COVID-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version). Mil Med Res, 2020, 7: 41 DOI： 10.1186/s40779-020-00270-8.

摘要

Abstract

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a rapidly spreading illness

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

affecting more than seventeen million people around the world. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for clinicians caring for patients are needed. In the early stage

we have issued "A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)"; now there are many direct evidences emerged and may change some of previous recommendations and it is ripe for develop an evidence-based guideline. We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists. The steering group members proposed 29 questions that are relevant to the management of COVID-19 covering the following areas: chemoprophylaxis

diagnosis

treatments

and discharge management. We searched the literature for direct evidence on the management of COVID-19

and assessed its certainty generated recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations

Assessment

Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Recommendations were either strong or weak

or in the form of ungraded consensus-based statement. Finally

we issued 34 statements. Among them

6 were strong recommendations for

14 were weak recommendations for

3 were weak recommendations against and 11 were ungraded consensus-based statement. They covered topics of chemoprophylaxis (including agents and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) agents)

diagnosis (including clinical manifestations

reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

respiratory tract specimens

IgM and IgG antibody tests

chest computed tomography

chest X-ray

and CT features of asymptomatic infections)

treatments (including lopinavir-ritonavir

umifenovir

favipiravir

interferon

remdesivir

combination of antiviral drugs

hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine

interleukin-6 inhibitors

interleukin-1 inhibitors

glucocorticoid

qingfei paidu decoction

lianhua qingwen granules/capsules

convalescent plasma

lung transplantation

invasive or noninvasive ventilation

and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO))

and discharge management (including discharge criteria and management plan in patients whose RT-PCR retesting shows SARS-CoV-2 positive after discharge). We also created two figures of these recommendations for the implementation purpose. We hope these recommendations can help support healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients.

关键词

Keywords

references

WHO . WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard . https://covid19.who.int/ https://covid19.who.int/ . Accessed 31 July 2020 .

Jin YH , Cai L , Cheng ZS , Cheng H , Deng T , Fan YP , et al . A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version) . Mil Med Res . 2020 ; 7 ( 1 ): 4 . doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6 http://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6 .

Schünemann HJ , Hill SR , Kakad M , Vist GE , Bellamy R , Stockman L , et al . Transparent development of the WHO rapid advice guidelines . PLoS Med . 2007 ; 4 ( 5 ): e119 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040119 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040119 .

Jin YH , Li HJ , Zhan QY , Peng ZY , F YY , Cai L , et al . Evidence-based Chinese expert recommendations on drug prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and discharge management of COVID-19: a protocol . Yixue Xinzhi Zazhi . 2020 ; 30 ( 3 ): 209 - 26 . doi: 10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511 http://doi.org/10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511 .

Ma LL , Wang YY , Yang ZH , Huang D , Weng H , Zeng XT . Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better ? Mil Med Res . 2020 ; 7 ( 1 ): 7 . doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8 http://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00238-8 .

Cochrane Training . Grade handbook . https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html . Accessed 10 Mar 2020 .

Alonso-Coello P , Schünemann HJ , Moberg J , Brignardello-Petersen R , Akl EA , Davoli M , et al . GRADE Evidence to Decision(EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction . BMJ . 2016 ; 353 : i2016 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2016 http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2016 .

Alonso-Coello P , Oxman AD , Moberg J , Brignardello-Petersen R , Akl EA , Davoli M , et al . GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice guidelines . BMJ . 2016 ; 353 : i2089 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2089 http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2089 .

EQUATOR Network . The agree reporting checklist: A tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/the-agree-reporting-checklist-a-tool-to-improvereporting-of-clinical-practice-guidelines/ https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/the-agree-reporting-checklist-a-tool-to-improvereporting-of-clinical-practice-guidelines/ . Accessed 7 Apr 2020 .

A Reporting tool for Practice Guidelines in Health Care: The RIGHT Statement [ https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/rightstatement/ https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/rightstatement/ ]. Accessed 18 June 2020 .

Bhattacharya R , Chowdhury S , Mukherjee R , Nandi A , Kulshrestha M , Ghosh R , et al . Pre exposure Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with reduced COVID19 risk in healthcare workers - a Retrospective cohort . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2006.2009.20116806 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806 .

Boulware DR , Pullen MF , Bangdiwala AS , Pastick KA , Lofgren SM , Okafor EC , et al . A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19 . N Engl J Med . 2020 ; 383 ( 6 ): 517 - 25 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 .

Zhang JN , Wang WJ , Peng B , Peng W , Zhang YS , Wang YL , et al . Potential of Arbidol for post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 transmission: a preliminary report of a retrospective cohort study . Curr Med Sci . 2020 ; 40 ( 3 ): 480 - 5 . doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2203-3 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2203-3 .

Zhu J , Ji P , Pang J , Zhong Z , Li H , He C , et al . Clinical characteristics of 3062 COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis . J Med Virol . 2020 ; doi: 10.1002/jmv.25884 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25884 .

Grant MC , Geoghegan L , Arbyn M , Mohammed Z , McGuinness L , Clarke EL , et al . The prevalence of symptoms in 24, 410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19):a systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries . PLoS One . 2020 ; 15 ( 6 ): e0234765 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 .

Koh J , Shah SU , Chua PEY , Gui H , Pang J . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis . Front Med (Lausanne) . 2020 ; 7 : 295 . doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00295 http://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00295 .

Rodriguez-Morales AJ , Cardona-Ospina JA , Gutiérrez-Ocampo E , Villamizar-Peña R , Holguin-Rivera Y , Escalera-Antezana JP , et al . Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19:A systematic review and meta-analysis . Travel Med Infect Dis . 2020 : 101623 . doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 .

Li LQ , Huang T , Wang YQ , Wang ZP , Liang Y , Huang TB , et al . 2019 novel coronavirus patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate and fatality rate of meta-analysis . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.25757 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25757 .

Sun PF , Qie SY , Liu ZJ , Ren JZ , Li K , Xi JN . Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a single arm meta-analysis . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.25735 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25735 .

Cao YH , Liu XL , Xiong LJ , Cai KL . Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.25822 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25822 .

Fu L , Wang B , Yuan T , Chen X , Ao Y , Fitzpatrick T , et al . Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Inf Secur . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041 .

Park JH , Jang W , Kim SW , Lee J , Lim YS , Cho CG , et al . The clinical manifestations and chest computed tomography findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in China: a proportion Meta-analysis . Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol . 2020 ; 13 ( 2 ): 95 - 105 . doi: 10.21053/ceo.2020.00570 http://doi.org/10.21053/ceo.2020.00570 .

Yang J , Zheng Y , Gou X , Pu K , Chen Z , Guo Q , et al . Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Int J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 94 : 91 - 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 .

Rokkas T . Gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Ann Gastroenterol . 2020 ; 33 ( 4 ): 355 - 65 . doi: 10.20524/aog.2020.0506 http://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2020.0506 .

Mao R , Qiu Y , He JS , Tan JY , Li XH , Liang J , et al . Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2020 ; 5 ( 7 ): 667 - 78 . doi: 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30126-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30126-6 .

Cheung KS , Hung IF , Chan PP , Lung KC , Tso E , Liu R , et al . Gastrointestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus load in fecal samples from the Hong Kong cohort and systematic review and Meta-analysis . Gastroenterology . 2020 . doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065 http://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065 .

Suresh Kumar VC , Mukherjee S , Harne PS , Subedi A , Ganapathy MK , Patthipati VS , et al . Novelty in the gut: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 . BMJ Open Gastroenterol . 2020 ; 7 ( 1 ). doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000417 http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000417 .

Li J , He X , Yuanyuan ZW , Li X , Zhang Y , et al . Meta-analysis investigating the relationship between clinical features, outcomes, and severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia . Am J Infect Control . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.008 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.008 .

Huang D , Lian X , Song F , Ma H , Lian Z , Liang Y , et al . Clinical features of severe patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Ann Transl Med . 2020 ; 8 ( 9 ): 576 . doi: 10.21037/atm-20-2124 http://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-2124 .

Li X , Feng AZ , Ma W , Lyu J , Xu AD . Traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of the novel Coronavious Pneumonica: a systemic review and Meta analysis . World Chin Med . 2020 : 1 - 6 .

Kronbichler A , Kresse D , Yoon S , Lee KH , Effenberger M , Shin JI . Asymptomatic patients as a source of COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asymptomatic patients as a source of COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Int J Infect Dis . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.052 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.052 .

Borsetto D , Hopkins C , Philips V , Obholzer R , Tirelli G , Polesel J , et al . Selfreported alteration of sense of smell or taste in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 3563 patients . Rhinology . 2020 . doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.185 http://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.185 .

Von Bartheld CS , Hagen MM , Butowt R . Prevalence of Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Reveals Significant Ethnic Differences . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.15.20132134 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20132134 .

Hoang MP , Kanjanaumporn J , Aeumjaturapat S , Chusakul S , Seresirikachorn K , Snidvongs K . Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol . 2020 . doi: 10.12932/ap-210520-0853 http://doi.org/10.12932/ap-210520-0853 .

Chen L , Deng C , Chen X , Zhang X , Chen B , Yu H , et al . Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study . Acta Ophthalmol . 2020 . doi: 10.1111/aos.14472 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472 .

Zhou Y , Duan C , Zeng Y , Tong Y , Nie Y , Yang Y , et al . Ocular findings and proportion with conjunctival SARS-COV-2 in COVID-19 patients . Ophthalmology . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.04.028 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.04.028 .

Hong N , Yu W , Xia J , Shen Y , Yap M , Han W . Evaluation of ocular symptoms and tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in patients confirmed with COVID-19 . Acta Ophthalmol . 2020 . doi: 10.1111/aos.14445 http://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14445 .

Wu P , Duan F , Luo C , Liu Q , Qu X , Liang L , et al . Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China . JAMA Ophthalmol . 2020 ; 138 ( 5 ): 575 - 8 . doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291 .

Zhao Q , Fang X , Pang Z , Zhang B , Liu H , Zhang F . COVID-19 and cutaneous manifestations: a systematic review . J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2020 . doi: 10.1111/jdv.16778 http://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16778 .

Mohammadi A , Esmaeilzadeh E , Li Y , Bosch RJ , Li J . SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Different Respiratory Sites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2005.2014.20102038 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.14.20102038 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20102038 .

Wang M , Wu Q , Xu W , Qiao B , Wang J , Chen Z , et al . Analysis of 8274 cases of new coronavirus nucleic acid detection and co-infection in Wuhan . Chin J Laboratory Med . 2020 ; 04 : 341 - 5 .

Liu R , Han H , Liu F , Lv Z , Wu K , Liu Y , et al . Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020 . Clin Chim Acta . 2020 ; 505 : 172 - 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.009 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.009 .

Deeks JJ , Dinnes J , Takwoingi Y , Davenport C , Spijker R , Taylor-Phillips S , et al . Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2 . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2020 ; 6 : Cd013652 . doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd013652 http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013652 .

Kim H , Hong H , Yoon SH . Diagnostic Performance of CT and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Meta-Analysis . Radiology . 2020 : 201343 . doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201343 http://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201343 .

Schiaffino S , Tritella S , Cozzi A , Carriero S , Blandi L , Ferraris L , et al . Diagnostic performance of chest X-ray for COVID-19 pneumonia during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Lombardy, Italy . J Thorac Imaging . 2020 ; 35 ( 4 ): W105 - w106 . doi: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000533 http://doi.org/10.1097/rti.0000000000000533 .

Deng Z , Zhang X , Li Y , Xu H , Gang Y , Wang H , et al . Value of chest CT screening in the early COVID-19 outbreak . Chin J Radiol . 2020 ; 00 : E014 .

Zheng Y , Wang L , Ben S . Meta-analysis of chest CT features of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.26218 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26218 .

Pormohammad A , Ghorbani S , Khatami A , Farzi R , Baradaran B , Turner DL , et al . Comparison of confirmed COVID-19 with SARS and MERS cases - Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, radiographic signs and outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Rev Med Virol . 2020 ; 30 ( 4 ): e2112 . doi: 10.1002/rmv.2112 http://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2112 .

Altmayer S , Zanon M , Pacini GS , Watte G , Barros MC , Mohammed TL , et al . Comparison of the computed tomography findings in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Eur Radiol . 2020 : 1 - 12 . doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07018-x http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07018-x .

Cao B , Wang Y , Wen D , Liu W , Wang J , Fan G , et al . A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19 . N Engl J Med . 2020 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282 http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282 .

Li Y , Xie Z , Lin W , Cai W , Wen C , Guan Y , et al . An exploratory randomized, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir or arbidol treating adult patients hospitalized with mild/moderate COVID-19 (ELACOI) . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.03.19.20038984 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.19.20038984 .

Cai Q , Yang M , Liu D , Chen J , Shu D , Xia J , et al . Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study . Engineering (Beijing) . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007 .

Yu AR , Fan X , Zhao Y , Zhou F , Zhao LL , Liu J , et al . Retrospective study of the clinical efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir combined with other antiviral in the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) . Herald Med . 2020 : 1 - 12 .

Yan D , Liu X-y , Zhu Y-n , Huang L , Dan B-t , Zhang G-j , et al . Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of Lopinavir/Ritonavir treatment in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection . Eur Respir J . 2020 : 2020.2003.2022.20040832 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040832 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040832 .

Ye XT , Luo YL , Xia SC , Sun QF , Ding JG , Zhou Y , et al . Clinical efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 . Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci . 2020 ; 24 ( 6 ): 3390 - 6 . doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202003_20706 http://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202003_20706 .

Zhu Z , Lu Z , Xu T , Chen C , Yang G , Zha T , et al . Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19 . J Inf Secur . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.060 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.060 .

Chen J , Ling Y , Xi XH , Liu P , Li F , Li T , et al . Efficacies of lopinavir/ritonavir and abidol in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia . Chin J Infect Dis . 2020 ; 38 ( 00 ): E008 . doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn311365-20200210-00050 http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn311365-20200210-00050 .

Xu KJ , Chen YF , Yuan J , Yi P , Ding C , Wu WR , et al . Clinical efficacy of Arbidol in patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study . 2020 . https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3542148 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3542148 .

Chen W , Yao M , Fang Z , Lv X , Deng M , Wu Z . A study on clinical effect of Arbidol combined with adjuvant therapy on COVID-19 . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.26142 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26142 .

Lian N , Xie H , Lin S , Huang J , Zhao J , Lin Q . Umifenovir treatment is not associated with improved outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study . Clin Microbiol Infect . 2020 ; 26 ( 7 ): 917 - 21 . doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.026 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.026 .

Chen C , Huang J , Cheng Z , Wu J , Chen S , Zhang Y , et al . Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432 .

Davoudi-Monfared E , Rahmani H , Khalili H , Hajiabdolbaghi M , Salehi M , Abbasian L , et al . Efficacy and safety of interferon beta-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2020 : 2020.2005.2028.20116467 . doi: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20116467 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.20116467 .

Estebanez M , Ramirez-Olivencia G , Mata T , Marti D , Gutierrez C , De Dios B , et al . Clinical evaluation of IFN beta1b in COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2005.2015.20084293 . doi: 10.1101/2020.05.15.20084293 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.20084293 .

Pereda R , Gonzalez D , Rivero H , Rivero J , Perez A , LdR L , et al . Therapeutic effectiveness of interferon-alpha2b against COVID-19: the Cuban experience . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2005.2029.20109199 . doi: 10.1101/2020.05.29.20109199 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.29.20109199 .

Zhou Q , Wei X-S , Xiang X , Wang X , Wang Z-H , Chen V , et al . Interferon-a2b treatment for COVID-19 . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2004.2006.20042580 . doi: 10.1101/2020.04.06.20042580 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20042580 .

Roshanshad A , Kamalipour A , Ashraf MA , Roshanshad R , Akbari M . Remdesivir Efficacy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):A Systematic Review . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2006.2015.20131227 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.15.20131227 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131227 .

Hung IF , Lung KC , Tso EY , Liu R , Chung TW , Chu MY , et al . Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial . Lancet . 2020 ; 395 ( 10238 ): 1695 - 704 . doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31042-4 http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31042-4 .

Wei R , Zheng N , Jiang X , Ma C , Xu X , Liu S , et al . Early antiviral therapy of abidor combined with lopinavir/ritonavir and re-combinant interferonα-2b in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia in Zhejiang: A multicenter and prospective study . Chin J Clin Infect Dis . 2020 ; 00 : E010 .

Lan X , Shao C , Zeng X , Wu Z , Xu Y . Lopinavir-ritonavir alone or combined with arbidol in the treatment of 73 hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pilot retrospective study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2004.2025.20079079 . doi: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079079 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20079079 .

Deng L , Li C , Zeng Q , Liu X , Li X , Zhang H , et al . Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona virus disease 2019:a retrospective cohort study . J Inf Secur . 2020 ; 81 ( 1 ): e1 - 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.002 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.002 .

Xu P , Huang J , Fan Z , Huang W , Qi M , Lin X , et al . Arbidol/IFN-α2b therapy for patients with corona virus disease 2019:a retrospective multicenter cohort study . Microbes Infect . 2020 ; 22 ( 4–5 ): 200 - 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.012 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.012 .

Wang YN , Suo T , Fan H , Zhao KC , Zou JJ , Wu DD , et al . Clinical efficacy of Lopinavir-Ritonavir combined with interferon alpha in COVID-19 . Med J Wuhan Univ . 2020 : 1 - 5 .

Elavarasi A , Prasad M , Seth T , Sahoo RK , Madan K , Nischal N , et al . Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2007.2004.20146381 . doi: 10.1101/2020.07.04.20146381 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.04.20146381 .

Hernandez AV , Roman YM , Pasupuleti V , Barboza JJ , White CM . Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19: a living systematic review . Ann Intern Med . 2020 . doi: 10.7326/m20-2496 http://doi.org/10.7326/m20-2496 .

Tang W , Cao Z , Han M , Wang Z , Chen J , Sun W , et al . Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial . BMJ . 2020 ; 369 : m1849 . doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1849 http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1849 .

Borba MGS , Val FFA , Sampaio VS , Alexandre MAA , Melo GC , Brito M , et al . Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection a randomized clinical trial . JAMA Netw Open . 2020 ; 3 ( 4 ). doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857 .

Magagnoli J , Narendran S , Pereira F , Cummings TH , Hardin JW , Sutton SS , et al . Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States Veterans Hospitalized with COVID-19 . Preprint.medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001 .

Boregowda U , Perisetti A , Nanjappa A , Gajendran M , Goyal H . Addition of Tocilizumab to the standard of care reduces mortality in severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2007.2010.20150680 . doi: 10.110 1/2020.07.10.20150680 http://doi.org/10.110 1/2020.07.10.20150680 .

Carvalho V , Turon R , Goncalves B , Ceotto V , Kurtz P , Righy C . Effects of Tocilizumab in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Quasi-Experimental Study . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.110 1/2020.07.13.20149328 http://doi.org/10.110 1/2020.07.13.20149328 .

Rossotti R , Travi G , Ughi N , Corradin M , Baiguera C , Fumagalli R , et al . Safety and efficacy of anti-il6-receptor tocilizumab use in severe and critical patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019:a comparative analysis . J Inf Secur . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.008 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.008 .

Rossi B , Nguyen LS , Zimmermann P , Boucenna F , Baucher L , Dubret L , et al . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.0 6.20122341 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.0 6.20122341 .

Marfella R , Paolisso P , Sardu C , Bergamaschi L , D'Angelo EC , Barbieri M , et al . Negative impact of hyperglycaemia on tocilizumab therapy in Covid-19 patients . Diabetes Metab . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2020.05.005 .

Della-Torre E , Campochiaro C , Cavalli G , De Luca G , Napolitano A , La Marca S , et al . Interleukin-6 blockade with sarilumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia with systemic hyperinflammation: an open-label cohort study . Ann Rheum Dis . 2020 . doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218122 http://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218122 .

Gritti G , Raimondi F , Ripamonti D , Riva I , Landi F , Alborghetti L , et al . IL-6 signalling pathway inactivation with siltuximab in patients with COVID-19 respiratory failure: an observational cohort study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2004.2001.20048561 . doi: 10.110 1/2020.04.01.20048561 http://doi.org/10.110 1/2020.04.01.20048561 .

Huet T , Beaussier H , Voisin O , Jouveshomme S , Dauriat G , Lazareth I , et al . Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: a cohort study . Lancet Rheumatol . 2020 ; 2 ( 7 ): e393 - 400 . doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8 http://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8 .

Cavalli G , De Luca G , Campochiaro C , Della-Torre E , Ripa M , Canetti D , et al . Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study . Lancet Rheumatol . 2020 ; 2 ( 6 ): e325 - 31 . doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30127-2 http://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30127-2 .

Singh AK , Majumdar S , Singh R , Misra A . Role of corticosteroid in the management of COVID-19: a systemic review and a Clinician's perspective . Diabetes Metab Syndr . 2020 ; 14 ( 5 ): 971 - 8 . doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.054 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.054 .

Wang D , Wang J , Jiang Q , Yang J , Li J , Gao C , et al . No Clear Benefit to the Use of Corticosteroid as Treatment in Adult Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2004.2021.20066258 . doi: 10.110 1/2020.04.21.20066258 http://doi.org/10.110 1/2020.04.21.20066258 .

Ni Q , Ding C , Li YT , Zhao H , Liu J , Zhang X , et al . Retrospective analysis of medium and low dose glucocorticoids on viral clearance in patients with new coronavirus pneumonia . Chin J Clin Infect Dis . 2020 ; 00 : E009 . doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115673-20200225-00072 http://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn115673-20200225-00072 .

Majmundar M , Kansara T , Lenik JM , Park H , Ghosh K , Doshi R , et al . Efficacy of Corticosteroids in Non-Intensive Care Unit Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia from the New York Metropolitan region . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.07.02.20145 565 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.20145 565 .

Corral L , Bahamonde A , Arnaiz delas Revillas F , Gomez-Barquero J , Abadia-Otero J , Garcia-Ibarbia C , et al . A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.17.2 0133579 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.2 0133579 .

Yuan M , Xu X , Xia D , Tao Z , Yin W , Tan W , et al . Effects of corticosteroid treatment for non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a propensity score-based analysis . Shock . 2020 . doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000001574 http://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001574 .

Fernandez Cruz A , Ruiz-Antoran B , Munoz Gomez A , Sancho Lopez A , Mills Sanchez P , Centeno Soto GA , et al . Impact of Glucocorticoid Treatment in Sars-Cov-2 Infection Mortality: A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study . Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2020 . doi: 10.1128/AAC.01168-20 http://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01168-20 .

Salton F , Confalonieri P , Santus P , Harari S , Scala R , Lanini S , et al . Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1101/20 20.06.17.20134031 http://doi.org/10.1101/20 20.06.17.20134031 .

Sanz Herrero F , Puchades Gimeno F , Ortega Garcia P , Ferrer Gomez C , Ocete Mochon MD , Garcia Deltoro M . Methylprednisolone added to tocilizumab reduces mortality in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: An observational study . J Intern Med . 2020 . doi: 10.1111/joim.13145 http://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13145 .

Li KY , An W , Xia F , Chen M , Yang P , Liao YL , et al . Observation on clinical effect of modified Qingfei Paidu decoction in treatment of COVID-19 . Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs . 2020 ; 51 ( 08 ): 2046 - 9 .

Yu P , Li YZ , Wan SB , Wang Y . Effects of Lianhua Qingwen Granules plus Arbidol on treatment of mild corona virus disease-19.2020;55(12):1042–5 . http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_zgyxzz/CN/abstract/abstract32710.shtml http://journal11.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_zgyxzz/CN/abstract/abstract32710.shtml .

Hu K , Guan WJ , Bi Y , Zhang W , Li L , Zhang B , et al . Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial . Phytomedicine . 2020 : 153242 . doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242 .

Cheng DZ , Wang WJ , Li Y , Wu XD , Zhou B , Song QY . Analysis of 51 cases of COVID-19 treated with traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen: a multicenter retrospective study . Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med . 2020 : 1 - 6 .

Yao KT , Liu MY , Li X , Huang JH , Cai HB . Retrospective Clinical Analysis on Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Traditional Chinese Medicine Lianhua Qingwen . Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae . 2020 : 1 - 7 . doi: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20201099 http://doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20201099 .

Lv RB , Wang WJ , Li X . Clinical observation of 63 suspected cases of COVID-19 treated by Chinese medicine lianhua clearing disease . J Tradit Chin Med . 2020 . http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2166.R.20200215.1633.004.html http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2166.R.20200215.1633.004.html .

Piechotta V , Chai KL , Valk SJ , Doree C , Monsef I , Wood EM , et al . Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2020 ; 7 : Cd013600 . doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub2 http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub2 .

Gharbharan A , Jordans CCE , GeurtsvanKessel C , den Hollander JG , Karim F , Mollema FPN , et al . Convalescent plasma for COVID-19. A randomized clinical trial . medRxiv . 2020 . https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.20139857v1 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.20139857v1 .

Rasheed AM , Ftak DF , Hashim HA , Maulood MF , Kabah KK , Almusawi YA , et al . The therapeutic effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy on treating COVID-19 patients residing in respiratory care units in hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq . medRxiv . 2020 . https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.201 21905v2 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.201 21905v2 .

Chen JY , Qiao K , Liu F , Wu B , Xu X , Jiao GQ , et al . Lung transplantation as therapeutic option in acute respiratory distress syndrome for coronavirus disease 2019-related pulmonary fibrosis . Chin Med J . 2020 ; 133 ( 12 ): 1390 - 6 . doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000839 http://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000839 .

Han W , Zhu M , Chen J , Zhang J , Zhu S , Li T , et al . Lung transplantation for elderly patients with end-stage COVID-19 pneumonia . Ann Surg . 2020 ; 272 ( 1 ): e33 - 4 . doi: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003955 http://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000003955 .

Xuan TM , Wang XX , Pu XY , Han WL , Guo XG . Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a COVID-19 patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after lung transplantation: a case report . J Zhejiang Univ Sci B . 2020 ; 21 ( 5 ): 411 - 5 . doi: 10.1631/jzus.B2000182 http://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000182 .

Wong J , Koh WC , Momin RN , Alikhan MF , Fadillah N , Naing L . Probable causes and risk factors for positive SARS-CoV-2 test in recovered patients: evidence from Brunei Darussalam . J Med Virol . 2020 . doi: 10.1002/jmv.26199 http://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26199 .

Lu J , Peng J , Xiong Q , Liu Z , Lin H , Tan X , et al . Clinical, immunological and virological characterization of COVID-19 patients that test re-positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2006.2015.20131748 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.15.20131748 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.20131748 .

Yang C , Jiang M , Wang X , Tang X , Fang S , Li H , et al . Viral RNA level, serum antibody responses, and transmission risk in discharged COVID-19 patients with recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test results: a population-based observational cohort study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2007.2021.20125138 . doi: 10.1101/2020.07.21.20125138 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.20125138 .

Su Y , Zhu L-S , Gao Y , Li Y , Xiong Z , Hu B , et al . Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 patients with re-positive test results: an observational study . medRxiv . 2020 : 2020.2006.2023.20138149 . doi: 10.1101/2020.06.23.20138149 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20138149 .

An J , Liao X , Xiao T , Qian S , Yuan J , Ye H , et al . Clinical characteristics of the recovered COVID-19 patients with re-detectable positive RNA test . medRxiv . 2020 . doi: 10.1 101/2020.03.26.20044222 http://doi.org/10.1 101/2020.03.26.20044222 .

Zhu H , Fu L , Jin Y , Shao J , Zhang S , Zheng N , et al . Clinical features of COVID-19 convalescent patients with re-positive nucleic acid detection . J Clin Lab Anal . 2020 ; 34 ( 7 ): e23392 . doi: 10.1002/jcla.23392 http://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23392 .

Yuan J , Kou S , Liang Y , Zeng J , Pan Y , Liu L . PCR assays turned positive in 25 discharged COVID-19 patients . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 . doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa398 http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa398 .

Ling Y , Xu SB , Lin YX , Tian D , Zhu ZQ , Dai FH , et al . Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients . Chin Med J . 2020 . doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000774 http://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000774 .

Mei Q , Li J , Du R , Yuan X , Li M , Li J . Assessment of patients who tested positive for COVID-19 after recovery . Lancet Infect Dis . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30433-3 http://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30433-3 .

Hu R , Jiang Z , Gao H , Huang D , Jiang D , Chen F , et al . Recurrent positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results for coronavirus disease 2019 in patients discharged from a Hospital in China . JAMA Netw Open . 2020 ; 3 ( 5 ): e2010475 . doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10475 http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10475 .

Wu F , Zhang W , Zhang L , Wang D , Wan Y . Discontinuation of antiviral drugs may be the reason for recovered COVID-19 patients testing positive again . Br J Hosp Med (Lond) . 2020 ; 81 ( 4 ): 1 - 2 . doi: 10.12968/hmed.2020.0156 http://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0156 .

Ma LL , Li BH , Jin YH , Deng T , Ren XQ , Zeng XT . Developments, evolution, and implications of National Diagnostic Criteria for COVID-19 in China . Front Med (Lausanne) . 2020 ; 7 : 242 . doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00242 http://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00242 .

Wang YY , Jin YH , Ren XQ , Li YR , Zhang XC , Zeng XT , et al . Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 "suspected case" and"confirmed case" is necessary . Mil Med Res . 2020 ; 7 ( 1 ): 17 . doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-00245-9 http://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00245-9 .

Folegatti PM , Ewer KJ , Aley PK , Angus B , Becker S , Belij-Rammerstorfer S , et al . Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial . Lancet . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4 http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4 .

Zhu FC , Guan XH , Li YH , Huang JY , Jiang T , Hou LH , et al . Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial . Lancet . 2020 . doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 http://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 .

Gupta M , Wahl B , Adhikari B , Bar-Zeev N , Bhandari S , Coria A , et al . The need for COVID-19 research in low- and middle-income countries . Glob Health Res Policy . 2020 ; 5 : 33 . doi: 10.1186/s41256-020-00159-y http://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00159-y .

Malla C , Aylward P , Ward P . Knowledge translation for public health in lowand middle- income countries: a critical interpretive synthesis . Glob Health Res Policy . 2018 ; 3 : 29 . doi: 10.1186/s41256-018-0084-9 http://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-018-0084-9 .

Norris SL . Meeting public health needs in emergencies–World Health Organization guidelines . J Evid Based Med . 2018 ; 11 ( 3 ): 133 - 5 . doi: 10.1111/jebm.12314 http://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12314 .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 "suspected case" and "confirmed case" is necessary

Clinical practice guideline for transurethral plasmakinetic resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (2021 Edition)

Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19

Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a clinical practice guideline (2021 edition)

Military traumatic brain injury: a challenge straddling neurology and psychiatry