Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines

Xin-Ni Xu; Yew Kwang Ong; De Yun Wang

doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00251-x

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines

REVIEW | Updated：2023-06-05

- Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines
- Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines
- MMR 2020年7卷第2期页码：209-227
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital System, Singapore, Singapore
  2.Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Author bio：
  
  * entoyk@nus.edu.sg;
  entwdy@nus.edu.sg
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-020-00251-x
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版：2020-06
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines[J]. MMR, 2020,7(2):209-227.

Cite this article as: Xu et al.: Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines. Mil Med Res, 2020, 7: 22
Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines[J]. MMR, 2020,7(2):209-227. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-020-00251-x.

Cite this article as: Xu et al.: Role of adjunctive treatment strategies in COVID-19 and a review of international and national clinical guidelines. Mil Med Res, 2020, 7: 22 DOI： 10.1186/s40779-020-00251-x.

摘要

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global struggle to cope with the sheer numbers of infected persons

many of whom require intensive care support or eventually succumb to the illness. The outbreak is managed by a combination of disease containment

via

public health measures and supportive care for those who are affected. To date

there is no specific anti-COVID-19 treatment. However

the urgency to identify treatments that could turn the tide has led to the emergence of several investigational drugs as potential candidates to improve outcome

especially in the severe to critically ill. While many of these adjunctive drugs are being investigated in clinical trials

professional bodies have attempted to clarify the setting where the use of these drugs may be considered as off-label or compassionate use. This review summarizes the clinical evidence of investigational adjunctive treatments used in COVID-19 patients as well as the recommendations of their use from guidelines issued by international and national organizations in healthcare.

关键词

Keywords

references

Fauci AS , Lane HC , Redfield RR . Covid-19 - navigating the uncharted . N Engl J Med. 2020 ; 382 ( 13 ): 1268 – 9 .

Sanders JM , Monogue ML , Jodlowski TZ , Cutrell JB . Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a review . JAMA . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019 . [Epub ahead of print] .

World Health Organization . Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 is suspected 2020 [Accessed 31 March 2020 ]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspectedhttps://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspectedhttps://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected .

Gautret P , Lagier JC , Parola P , Hoang VT , Meddeb L , Mailhe M , et al . Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial . Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 ; 105949 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Chen Z , Hu J , Zhang Z , Jiang S , Han S , Yan D , et al . Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial . medrxiv. 2020 ; 03 ( 22 ): 20040758 .

Chen J , Liu D , Liu L , Liu P , Xu Q , Xia L , et al . A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) . J Zhejiang Univ (Med Sci). 2020 ; 49 ( 1 ): 0 – 1 .

Magagnoli J , Narendran S , Pereira F , Cummings T , Hardin JW , Sutton SS , et al . Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19 . medrxiv. 2020 ; 04 ( 16 ): 20065920 .

Borba MGS , Val FFA , Sampaio VS , Alexandre MAA , Melo GC , Brito M , et al . Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 study) . medRxiv . 2020 ; Accessed 14 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdfhttps://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdf https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdfhttps://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424v1.full.pdf .

Molina JM , Delaugerre C , Le Goff J , Mela-Lima B , Ponscarme D , Goldwirt L , et al . No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection . Med Mal Infect . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006 .

Mahévas M , Tran V-T , Roumier M , Chabrol A , Paule R , Guillaud C , et al . No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial . medrxiv. 2020 ; 04 ( 10 ): 20060699 .

Cao B , Wang Y , Wen D , Liu W , Wang J , Fan G , et al . A trial of Lopinavirritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19 . N Engl J Med . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Zhou F , Yu T , Du R , Fan G , Liu Y , Liu Z , et al . Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study . Lancet. 2020 ; 395 ( 10229 ): 1054 – 62 .

Young BE , Ong SWX , Kalimuddin S , Low JG , Tan SY , Loh J , et al . Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARSCoV-2 in Singapore . JAMA . 2020 ; [Epub ahead of print] .

Kim JY , Choe PG , Oh Y , Oh KJ , Kim J , Park SJ , et al . The first Case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures . J Korean Med Sci. 2020 ; 35 ( 5 ): e61 .

Lim J , Jeon S , Shin HY , Kim MJ , Seong YM , Lee WJ , et al . Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: the application of Lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR . J Korean Med Sci. 2020 ; 35 ( 6 ): e79 .

Deng L , Li C , Zeng Q , Liu X , Li X , Zhang H , et al . Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study . J Inf Secur. 2020 ; S0163–4453 ( 20 ): 30113 – 4 .

Wang Z , Yang B , Li Q , Wen L , Zhang R . Clinical Features of 69 Cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 : ciaa272 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa272 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Grein J , Ohmagari N , Shin D , Diaz G , Asperges E , Castagna A , et al . Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19 . N Engl J Med . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Team TC-I . First 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States . medrxiv . 2020 ; https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20032896v1.full.pdfhttps://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20032896v1.full.pdf https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20032896v1.full.pdfhttps://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20032896v1.full.pdf .

Lescure FX , Bouadma L , Nguyen D , Parisey M , Wicky PH , Behillil S , et al . Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series . Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 ; S1473–3099 ( 20 ): 30200 – 0 .

Holshue ML , DeBolt C , Lindquist S , Lofy KH , Wiesman J , Bruce H , et al . First Case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States . N Engl J Med. 2020 ; 382 ( 10 ): 929 – 36 .

Lu S , Zhou Q , Huang L , Shi Q , Zhao S , Wang Z , et al . Effectiveness and Safety of Glucocorticoids to Treat COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis . medrxiv. 2020 ; 04 ( 17 ): 20064469 .

Zhou W , Liu Y , Tian D , Wang C , Wang S , Cheng J , et al . Potential benefits of precise corticosteroids therapy for severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia . Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 ; 5 ( 1 ): 18 .

Liu K , Fang YY , Deng Y , Liu W , Wang MF , Ma JP , et al . Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province . Chin Med J . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744 https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Tang N , Bai H , Chen X , Gong J , Li D , Sun Z . Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy . J Thromb Haemost. 2020 ; 18 ( 5 ): 1094 – 99 .

Shi C , Wang C , Wang H , Yang C , Cai F , Zeng F , et al . Clinical observations of low molecular weight heparin in relieving inflammation in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study . medrxiv . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20046144 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.28.20046144 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Xu X , Han M , Li T , Sun W , Wang D , Fu B , et al . Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab . ChinaXiv. 2020 ; 202003 : 00026v1 .

Roumier M , Paule R , Groh M , Vallee A , Ackermann F . Interleukin-6 blockade for severe COVID-19 . medrxiv. 2020 ; 04 ( 20 ): 20061861 .

Duan K , Liu B , Li C , Zhang H , Yu T , Qu J , et al . Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 ; 202004168 .

Shen C , Wang Z , Zhao F , Yang Y , Li J , Yuan J , et al . Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma . JAMA. 2020 ; 323 ( 16 ): 1582 – 89 .

Ahn JY , Sohn Y , Lee SH , Cho Y , Hyun JH , Baek YJ , et al . Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea . J Korean Med Sci. 2020 ; 35 ( 14 ): e149 .

Leng Z , Zhu R , Hou W , Feng Y , Yang Y , Han Q , et al . Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia . Aging Dis. 2020 ; 11 ( 2 ): 216 – 28 .

Liang B , Chen J , Li T , Wu H , Yang W , Li Y , et al . Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells . ChinaXiv. 2020 ; 202002 : 00084 .

Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (CEBM) - Levels of Evidence . 2009 [ 29 March 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/ .

Bhimraj A , Morgan RL , Shumaker AH , Lavergne V , Baden L , Cheng VC-C , et al . Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on the treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19 2020 [Accessed 11 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/ https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/ .

Alhazzani W , Moller MH , Arabi YM , Loeb M , Gong MN , Fan E , et al . Surviving Sepsis campaign: guidelines on the Management of Critically ill Adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) . Crit Care Med. 2020 ; 1 – 34 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5 . [Epub ahead of print] .

National Health Commission (NHC) of the People’s Republic of China . Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus-induced Pneumonia . 7th ed ; 2020 . [Accessed 3 March 2020 ]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-03/04/5486705/files/ae61004f930d47598711a0d4cbf874a9.pdfhttp://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-03/04/5486705/files/ae61004f930d47598711a0d4cbf874a9.pdf http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-03/04/5486705/files/ae61004f930d47598711a0d4cbf874a9.pdfhttp://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2020-03/04/5486705/files/ae61004f930d47598711a0d4cbf874a9.pdf .

Lombardy Section Italian Society I , Tropical D . Vademecum for the treatment of people with COVID-19. Edition 2.0, 13 March 2020 . Infez Med. 2020 ; 28 ( 2 ): 143 – 52 .

Vollaard A , Gieling E , van der Linden P , Sindha B , de Boer M . Medicamenteuze behandelopties bij patiënten met COVID-19 (infecties met SARS-CoV-2) 2020 [Accessed 3 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://swab.nl/nl/covid-19https://swab.nl/nl/covid-19 https://swab.nl/nl/covid-19https://swab.nl/nl/covid-19 .

Van Ierssel S , Dauby N , Bottieau E , Huits R . Interim clinical guidance for adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in Belgium 2020 [Accessed 7 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdfhttps://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdf https://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdfhttps://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdf .

United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Information for Clinicians on Therapeutic Options for Patients with COVID-19 2020 [Accessed 7 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.htmlhttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.htmlhttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html .

Wang M , Cao R , Zhang L , Yang X , Liu J , Xu M , et al . Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro . Cell Res. 2020 ; 30 ( 3 ): 269 – 71 .

Yao X , Ye F , Zhang M , Cui C , Huang B , Niu P , et al . In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237 .

Savarino A , Boelaert JR , Cassone A , Majori G , Cauda R . Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases? Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 ; 3 ( 11 ): 722 – 7 .

Gao J , Tian Z , Yang X . Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies . Biosci Trends. 2020 ; 14 ( 1 ): 72 – 3 .

Schrezenmeier E , Dorner T . Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology . Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020 ; 16 ( 3 ): 155 – 66 .

Multicenter collaboration group of Department of S , Technology of Guangdong P , Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus p . Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia . Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis. 2020 ; 43 ( 3 ): 185 – 8 .

Marmor MF , Kellner U , Lai TY , Melles RB , Mieler WF . American Academy of O. recommendations on screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision) . Ophthalmology. 2016 ; 123 ( 6 ): 1386 – 94 .

Perinel S , Launay M , Botelho-Nevers é , Diconne é , Louf-Durier A , Lachand R , et al . Towards Optimization of Hydroxychloroquine Dosing in Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Patients . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 ; ciaa394 . https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa394 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa394 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Yao TT , Qian JD , Zhu WY , Wang Y , Wang GQ . A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus-a possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option . J Med Virol . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25729 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25729 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Kaplan SS , Hicks CB . Safety and antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection . J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 ; 56 ( 2 ): 273 – 6 .

Kim UJ , Won EJ , Kee SJ , Jung SI , Jang HC . Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-alpha for Middle East respiratory syndrome . Antivir Ther. 2016 ; 21 ( 5 ): 455 – 9 .

Blaising J , Polyak SJ , Pecheur EI . Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: an update . Antivir Res. 2014 ; 107 : 84 – 94 .

Warren TK , Jordan R , Lo MK , Ray AS , Mackman RL , Soloveva V , et al . Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys . Nature. 2016 ; 531 ( 7594 ): 381 – 5 .

Mulangu S , Dodd LE , Davey RT Jr , Tshiani Mbaya O , Proschan M , Mukadi D , et al . A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics . N Engl J Med. 2019 ; 381 ( 24 ): 2293 – 303 .

Sheahan TP , Sims AC , Graham RL , Menachery VD , Gralinski LE , Case JB , et al . Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses . Sci Transl Med. 2017 ; 9 ( 396 ): eaal3653 .

Agostini ML , Andres EL , Sims AC , Graham RL , Sheahan TP , Lu X , et al . Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease . mBio. 2018 ; 9 ( 2 ): e00221 – 18 .

Stockman LJ , Bellamy R , Garner P . SARS: systematic review of treatment effects . PLoS Med. 2006 ; 3 ( 9 ): e343 .

Arabi YM , Mandourah Y , Al-Hameed F , Sindi AA , Almekhlafi GA , Hussein MA , et al . Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 ; 197 ( 6 ): 757 – 67 .

Lee N , Leo YS , Cao B , Chan PK , Kyaw WM , Uyeki TM , et al . Neuraminidase inhibitors, superinfection and corticosteroids affect survival of influenza patients . Eur Respir J. 2015 ; 45 ( 6 ): 1642 – 52 .

Magro C , Mulvey JJ , Berlin D , Nuovo G , Salvatore S , Harp J , et al . Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases . Transl Res . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Cui S , Chen S , Li X , Liu S , Wang F . Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia . J Thromb Haemost . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14830 https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14830 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Deng Y , Liu W , Liu K , Fang YY , Shang J , Zhou L , et al . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study . Chin Med J . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824 https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000824 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Tang N , Li D , Wang X , Sun Z . Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia . J Thromb Haemost. 2020 ; 18 ( 4 ): 844 – 7 .

Thachil J , Tang N , Gando S , Falanga A , Cattaneo M , Levi M , et al . ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19 . J Thromb Haemost. 2020 ; 18 ( 5 ): 1023 – 26 .

Mehta P , McAuley DF , Brown M , Sanchez E , Tattersall RS , Manson JJ , et al . COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression . Lancet. 2020 ; 395 ( 10229 ): 1033 – 4 .

Geng Z , Yu Y , Hu S , Dong L , Ye C . Tocilizumab and the risk of respiratory adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials . Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019 ; 37 ( 2 ): 318 – 23 .

Mair-Jenkins J , Saavedra-Campos M , Baillie JK , Cleary P , Khaw FM , Lim WS , et al . The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis . J Infect Dis. 2015 ; 211 ( 1 ): 80 – 90 .

U.S. Food & Drug Adminitration . Investigational COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma - Emergency INDs 2020 [Accessed 4 April 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-indor-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds#foothttps://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-indor-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds#foot https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-indor-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds#foothttps://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/investigational-new-drug-indor-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigational-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds#foot .

COVID-19 Treatment Guidance Writing Group . JHMI clinical guidance for available pharmacologic therapies 2020 [updated 25 March 2020 ]. Available from: https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_ https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_ .

Lu R , Zhao X , Li J , Niu P , Yang B , Wu H , et al . Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding . Lancet. 2020 ; 395 ( 10224 ): 565 – 74 .

Xu X , Chen P , Wang J , Feng J , Zhou H , Li X , et al . Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission . Sci China Life Sci. 2020 ; 63 ( 3 ): 457 – 60 .

Marks PW , Witten CM , Califf RM . Clarifying stem-cell Therapy's benefits and risks . N Engl J Med. 2017 ; 376 ( 11 ): 1007 – 9 .

Wu Z , McGoogan JM . Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention . JAMA . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Kalil AC . Treating COVID-19-off-label drug use, compassionate use, and randomized clinical trials during pandemics . JAMA . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4742 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4742 . [Epub ahead of print] .

Sayburn A . Covid-19: trials of four potential treatments to generate "robust data" of what works . BMJ. 2020 ; 368 : m1206 .

Launch of a European clinical trial against COVID-19 [press release] .

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice

Predictive modelling for COVID-19 outbreak control: lessons from the navy cluster in Sri Lanka

Combating an invisible enemy: The American military response to global pandemics

Successful recovery of COVID-19-associated recurrent diarrhea and gastrointestinal hemorrhage using convalescent plasma

Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 "suspected case" and "confirmed case" is necessary