In modern warfare

therapy for combat injury is a critical issue to improve personnel survival and battle effectiveness. Be limited to the severe circumstance in the distant battlefield

quick and effective treatment cannot be supplied that leads infections

sepsis

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and high mortality. To get a better therapy for combat injury

we summarized several reports that associated with the mechanisms of sepsis and MODS

those published on MMR recently. Chaudry and colleagues reported gender difference in the outcomes of trauma

shock and sepsis. The advantageous outcome in female is due to their hormone milieu. Their accumulating reports indicated estrogen as a beneficial factor for multiple system and organs

including the central nervous system

the cardiopulmonary system

the liver

the kidneys

the immune system

and leads to better survival from sepsis. Thompson

et al

. reviewed the underlying mechanisms in trauma induced sepsis

which can be concluded as an imbalance of immune response triggered by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and other immune modifying agents. They also emphasize immunomodulation as a better therapeutic strategy that might be a potential benefit in regulating the host immune response. Fan

et al

. have revealed a crucial mechanism underlying lung epithelial and macrophage crosstalk

which involves IL-25 as a mediator. After the injury

lung epithelial secreted IL-25 promotes TNF-α production in macrophage leading to acute lung injury (ALI). In addition to a mountain of cytokines

mitochondrial dysfunction in immune cell is another critical risk factor for immune dysfunction during sepsis. Both morphology and function alterations in mitochondria are closely associated with inadequate ATP production

insufficient metabolism process and overloaded ROS production

which lead harm to immune cells and other tissues by triggering oxidative stress. All the above reports discussed mechanisms of sepsis induction after trauma and provided evidence to improve better therapy strategies targeting diverse risk factors.