Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections

Christian T. Bautista; Eyako Wurapa; Warren B. Sateren; Sara Morris; Bruce Hollingsworth; Jose L. Sanchez

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Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections

REVIEW | Updated：2026-03-12

- Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections
- Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections
- MMR 2016年3卷第2期页码：93-103
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
  2.Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Maryland, USA
  3.Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center and Cherokee Nation Technology Solutions, Maryland, USA
- Author bio：
  
  *: m.bautista@lancaster.ac.uk
- Funds：
  
  This study was funded by the US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center and its Division of Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance and Response(AFHSC-GEIS)
- DOI：
  中图分类号：
- 纸质出版：2016-06
- Accepted：
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Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections[J]. MMR, 2016,3(2):93-103.

Christian T. Bautista, Eyako Wurapa, Warren B. Sateren, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections[J]. Military Medical Research, 2016, 3(2): 93-103.
Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections[J]. MMR, 2016,3(2):93-103. DOI：

Christian T. Bautista, Eyako Wurapa, Warren B. Sateren, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections[J]. Military Medical Research, 2016, 3(2): 93-103. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955

researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV. There is increasing evidence

however

that BV occurs when

Lactobacillus spp.

the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora

are replaced by anaerobic bacteria

such as

Gardenella vaginalis

Mobiluncus curtisii

M. mulieris

other anaerobic bacteria and/or

Mycoplasma hominis

. Worldwide

it estimated that 20%–30% of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics suffer from BV

and that its prevalence can be as high as 50%–60% in high-risk populations (e.g.

those who practice commercial sex work (CSW). Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they: 1) have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners; 2) are unmarried; 3) have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age; 4) have engaged in CSW

and 5) practice regular douching. In the past decade

several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV. However

it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent. BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs

including: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics. Based on these studies

women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection

respectively. Taken together

BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women. Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations

such as among women in the US military. It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections. These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.

关键词

Keywords

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