Issue Ebook
cover story
Latest Issue
Volume 5 ， Issue 4 ， 2018
- Abstract：The characteristics and treatment of pelvic fractures vary between general conditions and modern war. An expert consensus has been reached based on pelvic injury epidemiology and the concepts of battlefield treatment combined with the existing levels of military medical care in modern warfare. According to this consensus, first aid, emergency treatment and early treatment of pelvic fractures are introduced in three separate levels. In Level Ⅰ facilities, simple triage and rapid treatment following the principles of advanced trauma life support are recommended to evaluate combat casualties during the first-aid stage. Re-evaluation, further immobilization and fixation, and hemostasis are recommended at Level Ⅱ facilities. At Level Ⅲ facilities, the main components of damage control surgery are recommended, including comprehensive hemostasis, a proper resuscitation strategy, the treatment of concurrent visceral and blood vessel damage, and battlefield intensive care. The grading standard for evidence evaluation and recommendation was used to reach this expert consensus.9|12|5Updated：2022-12-27
-
Infectious diseases during the European Union training mission Mali（EUTM MLI）–a four-year experience
Abstract：Background: The European Union Training Mission Mali（EUTM MLI） is a multinational military training deployment to the Western African tropical nation of Mali. Based on routinely collected disease and non-battle injury surveillance data, this study quantifies the true impact of infectious diseases for this tropical mission and potential seasonal variations in infectious disease threats.Methods: Categorized health events during the EUTM MLI mission and associated lost working days were reported using the EpiNATO-2 report. Infection-related health events were descriptively analyzed for a 4-year period from the 12 th week in 2013 to the 13 th week in 2017. Aggregated EpiNATO-2 data collected from all missions other than EUTM MLI were used as a comparator.Results: Among the infectious diseases reported by EUTM MLI, non-severe upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal diseases dominated quantitatively, accounting for 1.65 and 1.42 consultations per 100 person-weeks, respectively. The number of recorded infectious disease-associated lost working days during the whole study interval was 723. Seasonal changes in disease frequency were detectable. More gastrointestinal infections were seen in the rainy season, and more respiratory infections occurred in the dry season; these were associated with peaks of more than 2.5 consultations per 100 person-weeks for both categories.Conclusion: Despite initial concerns focused on tropical infectious diseases during this mission in tropical Mali, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections predominate. The relatively low number of reported lost working days may indicate that these infections are at the milder end of the spectrum of infectious diseases despite a likely reporting bias.8|12|2Updated：2022-12-27 - Abstract：Background: Ballistics gelatin is a common tissue surrogate used in bacterial contamination models for projectile wounds. Although these studies have demonstrated that bacteria are transferred from the surface of the gelatin to the wound track by a projectile, quantifiable results have been inconsistent and not repeatable in successive tests.Methods: In this study, five areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial recovery or survival are affected were identified for optimization. The first was a contaminated "skin" surrogate, where the novel use of vacuum filtration of a bacterial culture and buffer onto filter paper was employed. The other possibly problematic areas of the bacterial distribution model included the determination of bacterial survival when the contamination model is dried, survival in solid and molten gelatin, and the effect of high-intensity lights used for recording high-speed video.Results: Vacuum filtration of bacteria and buffer resulted in a consistent bacterial distribution and recovery. The use of phosphate buffer M9（pH 7） aided in neutralizing the ballistics gelatin and improving bacterial survival in solid gelatin. Additionally, the use of high-intensity lights to record high-speed video and the use of a 42℃ water bath to melt the gelatin were found to be bactericidal for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: Multiple areas of a typical contamination model in which bacterial survival may be impeded were identified, and methods were proposed to improve survival in each area. These methods may be used to optimize the results of bacterial contamination models for medical applications, such as understanding the progression of infection in penetrating wounds and to identify possible sources of contamination for forensic purposes.8|5|1Updated：2022-12-27
- Abstract：Background: Osteomyelitis（OM） is an atypical consequence of ankle-foot trauma which is associated with long-term mental and physical morbidity and persistent pain. This study aimed to assess the health status of OM patients with war-related ankle-foot injuries.Methods: A total of 1129 veterans with ankle-foot injuries participated in a case-control study（2014–2016）. Thirty patients with chronic OM of the ankle-foot were compared with 90 non-OM participants as the control group. Quality of life（QOL）, life satisfaction and the ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living were measured using the following questionnaires: short-form health survey（SF-36）, satisfaction with life scale（SWLS）, activity of daily living（ADL） and instrumental activity of daily living（IADL）, respectively. OM patients were categorized according to their risk factors as A, B and C hosts using a modified version of the Cierny and Mader classification system. The one sample t-test, 2-independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to analyze the data.Results: Ankle-foot pain leading to surgery（P <0.001） and orthosis usage（P =0.039） were more common in OM patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases or kidney failure and other related diseases. OM patients showed a significantly lower level of mental health compared to non-OM respondents（P=0.025）. Approximately, 70.0% of ankle-foot injured veterans were dissatisfied with their life, and there was no difference between the two groups（P>0.05）. Mobility was significantly lower in the OM patients than in the control group（P=0.023）. Life satisfaction（P=0.001） and the ability to perform daily activities were the determinants for poor physical（P=0.018） and mental health-related quality of life（P=0.012）. According to the Cierny and Mader classification system, they were all included in the type C host classification, with one major and/or three or more minor risk factors.Conclusion: A low level of quality and satisfaction of life and ability to perform activities of daily living were observed in OM patients with war-related ankle-foot injuries. Surgeries of the ankle and foot due to pain were much more common in OM patients than in non-OM participants. Since all the participants were classified as the C-host, health policy planning seems to be necessary.10|10|0Updated：2022-12-27
-
Lung epithelial cell-derived IL-25 negatively regulates LPS-induced exosome release from macrophages
Abstract：Background: Acute lung injury（ALI） is a major component of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome（MODS） following pulmonary and systemic infection. Alveolar macrophages（AMφ） are at the center of ALI pathogenesis. Emerging evidence has shown that cell-cell interactions in the lungs play an important regulatory role in the development of acute lung inflammation. However, the underneath mechanisms remain poorly addressed. In this study, we explore a novel function of lung epithelial cells（LEPCs） in regulating the release of exosomes from AMφ following LPS stimulation.Methods: For the in vivo experiments, C57 BL/6 wildtype（WT） mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide（LPS）（2 mg/kg） in 0.2 ml of saline via intratracheal aerosol administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected at 0–24 h after LPS treatment, and exosomes derived from AMφ were measured. For the in vitro studies, LEPCs and bone marrowderived Mφ（BMDM） were isolated from WT or TLR4-/-mice and were then cocultured in the Transwell? system. After coculture for 0–24 h, the BMDM and supernatant were harvested for the measurement of exosomes and cytokines.Results: We demonstrate that LPS induces macrophages（Mφ） to release exosomes, which are then internalized by neighboring Mφ to promote TNF-α expression. The secreted interleukin（IL）-25 from LEPCs downregulates Rab27 a and Rab27 b expression in Mφ, resulting in suppressed exosome release and thereby attenuating exosome-induced TNF-α expression and secretion.Conclusion: These findings reveal a previously unidentified crosstalk pathway between LEPCs and Mφ that negatively regulates the inflammatory responses of Mφ to LPS. Modulating IL-25 signaling and targeting exosome release may present a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ALI.9|21|5Updated：2022-12-27 - Abstract：Spaceflight and ground-based microgravity analog experiments have suggested that microgravity can affect microbial growth and metabolism. Although the effects of microgravity and its analogs on microorganisms have been studied for more than 50 years, plausible conflicting and diverse results have frequently been reported in different experiments, especially regarding microbial growth and secondary metabolism. Until now, only the responses of a few typical microbes to microgravity have been investigated; systematic studies of the genetic and phenotypic responses of these microorganisms to microgravity in space are still insufficient due to technological and logistical hurdles. The use of different test strains and secondary metabolites in these studies appears to have caused diverse and conflicting results. Moreover, subtle changes in the extracellular microenvironments around microbial cells play a key role in the diverse responses of microbial growth and secondary metabolisms. Therefore, "indirect" effects represent a reasonable pathway to explain the occurrence of these phenomena in microorganisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on the changes in microbial growth and secondary metabolism in response to spaceflight and its analogs and discusses the diverse and conflicting results. In addition, recommendations are given for future studies on the effects of microgravity in space on microbial growth and secondary metabolism.10|26|5Updated：2022-12-27
- Abstract：With the development of radiotherapeutic oncology, computer technology and medical imaging technology, radiation therapy has made great progress. Research on the impact and the specific mechanism of radiation on tumors has become a central topic in cancer therapy. According to the traditional view, radiation can directly affect the structure of the DNA double helix, which in turn activates DNA damage sensors to induce apoptosis, necrosis, and aging or affects normal mitosis events and ultimately rewires various biological characteristics of neoplasm cells. In addition, irradiation damages subcellular structures, such as the cytoplasmic membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, and lysosome of cancer cells to regulate various biological activities of tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that radiation can also change the tumor cell phenotype, immunogenicity and microenvironment, thereby globally altering the biological behavior of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the effects of therapeutic radiation on the biological features of tumor cells to provide a theoretical basis for combinational therapy and inaugurate a new era in oncology.10|14|5Updated：2022-12-27
- Abstract：Type A lactic acidosis resulted from hypoxic mitochondrial dysfunction is an independent predictor of mortality for critically ill patients. However, current therapeutic agents are still in shortage and can even be harmful. This paper reviewed data regarding lactic acidosis treatment and recommended that pyruvate might be a potential alkalizer to correct type A lactic acidosis in future clinical practice. Pyruvate is a key energy metabolic substrate and a pyruvate dehydrogenase（PDH） activator with several unique beneficial biological properties, including anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory effects and the ability to activate the hypoxia-inducible factor-1（HIF-1α）-erythropoietin（EPO） signal pathway. Pyruvate preserves glucose metabolism and cellular energetics better than bicarbonate, lactate, acetate and malate in the efficient correction of hypoxic lactic acidosis and shows few side effects. Therefore, application of pyruvate may be promising and safe as a novel therapeutic strategy in hypoxic lactic acidosis correction accompanied with multi-organ protection in critical care patients.12|9|6Updated：2022-12-27
-
- Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
0