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Latest Issue
Volume 1 ， Issue 1 ， 2014
- Abstract：Military medicine is one of the most innovative part of human civilization. Along with the rapid development of medicine and advances in military techniques, military medicine has become the focus and intersection of new knowledge and new technologies. Innovation and development within military medicine are always ongoing, with a long and challenging path ahead. The establishment of "Military Medical Research" is expected to be a bounden responsibility in the frontline of Chinese military medicine.Keywords：Military medicine;open access;peer review0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
EDITORIAL
- Abstract：Military medicine is important in both war and peace. In China, military medicine plays a key role in supporting and maintaining health, in preventing injuries and diseases in military staff and in enhancing the military armed forces during war. Additionally, military medicine participates in actions such as emergency public health crises, natural disasters, emerging conflicts and anti-terrorist campaigns during peacetime. In this paper, we summary the current condition and achievements in military medicine in China and provide our perspective for its future.Keywords：Military medicine;surgery;military epidemiology;sanitary science;China0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
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Abstract：Over the past century, over 40 earthquakes measuring ≥7 on the Richter scale have occurred worldwide; of those, 10 took place in China and killed 600,000 people (accounting for 53% of the total number of global deaths due to earthquakes). On May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. In this disaster, 69,000 people were killed, 18,000 people were reported missing, and 37,000 people were injured, including more than 10,000 who were seriously injured. Trauma was the most commonly observed type of injury, with fractures accounting for 74% of all injury cases. On April 14, 2010, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Yushu, in Qinghai Province. In this disaster, 2,698 people were killed, 270 people were reported missing, and 11,000 people were injured, including more than 3,100 who were seriously injured. Fracture injury accounted for 58.4% of all injury cases. After each earthquake, the Chinese Army Medical Services responded promptly, according to the previously established guidelines, and sent out elite forces to the disaster areas, with the objectives of organizing, coordinating and participating in an efficient and evidence-based medical rescue effort. After the Wenchuan earthquake, 397 mobile medical service teams including 7,061 health workers were sent to the disaster areas. A total of 69,000 casualties were treated, and 22,000 surgeries were performed. After the Yushu earthquake, 25 mobile medical service teams involving 2,025 health workers were sent. They performed 1,635 surgeries and created an astounding outcome of "zero deaths" in the aftermath of the earthquake during their treatment of casualties in a high-altitude region. Within a week after each earthquake, the military teams rescued approximately 60% of the total number of rescued casualties and evacuated approximately 80% of the total number of evacuated sick or wounded victims, playing a critical role and making invaluable contributions to earthquake relief. The experience and lessons learned from the rescue efforts of the Chinese military after the two earthquakes have highlighted several key aspects in emergency medical rescue: 1) medical rescue theories must be updated; 2) military-civilian cooperation must be stressed; 3) professional rescue forces must be strengthened; 4) supporting facilities must be improved; and 5) international exchanges and cooperation must be deepened.Keywords：disaster;earthquake;medical rescue;Military medicine;military operation;non-war0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 - Abstract：Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks (for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).Keywords：terrorist attacks;medical rescue0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
PERSPECTIVE
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Abstract：Background:The treatment of hypertensive spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is still controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether minimally invasive puncture and drainage (MIPD) could provide improved patient outcome compared with decompressive craniectomy (DC).Methods:Eligible, consecutive patients with ICH (≥30 ml, in basal ganglia, within 24 hours of ictus) were non-randomly assigned to receive MIPD (group A) or to undergo DC (group B) hematoma evacuation. The primary outcome was death at 30 days after onset. Functional independence was assessed at 1 year using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS, scores range from 1 to 5, score 1 indicating death, ≥4 indicating functional independence, with lower scores indicating greater disability).Results:A total of 198 patients met the per protocol analysis (84 cases in group A and 114 cases in group B), including 9 cases lost during follow-up (2 cases in group A and 7 cases in group B). For these 9 patients, their last observed data were used as their final results for intention-to-treat analysis. The mean age of all patients was 57.1 years (range of 31-95 years), and 114 patients were male. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 8.1±3.4, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 20.8±5.3. The mean hematoma volume (HV) was 56.7±23.0 ml (range of 30-144 ml), and there was extended intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in 134 patients (67.7%). There were no significant intergroup differences in the above baseline data, except group A had a higher mean age (59.4±14.5years) than the mean age of group B (55.3±11.1 years, P=0.025). The total cumulative mortalities at 30 days and 1 year were 32.3% and 43.4%, respectively, and there were no significant differences between groups A and B (30 days: 27.4% vs. 36.0%, P=0.203; 1 year: 36.1% vs. 48.2%, P=0.112, respectively). However, the mortality for patients ≤60 years, NIHSS<15 or HV≤60 ml was significantly lower in group A than that in group B (all P<0.05). The total cumulative functional independence at 1 year was 26.8%, and the difference between group A (33/43, 39.3%) and group B (20/144, 17.5%) was significant (absolute difference 21.7%, odds ratio [OR] 0.329, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.171 to 0.631, P=0.001). For patient with severe IVH, the 30 days and 1 year mortality rates were significant lower in group B than those in group A (P=0.025, P=0.036). However, the number of favorable outcomes had no significant difference between groups at 1 year post ictus. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a favorable outcome after 1 year was associated with the difference in therapies (OR 0.280, 95% CI 0.104–0.752, P=0.012), age (OR 0.215, 95% CI 0.069–0.671, P=0.008), GCS (OR 1.187, 95% CI 1.010–1.395, P=0.037), HV (OR 0.943, 95% CI 0.906–0.982, P=0.005), IVH (OR 0.655, 95% CI 0.506–0.849, P=0.001) and PI (OR 0.211, 95% CI 0.071–0.624, P=0.001).Conclusions:Our results suggest that for patients with hypertensive spontaneous ICH (HV≥30 ml in basal ganglia), MIPD may be a more effective treatment than DC, as assessed by a higher rate of functional independence at 1 year after onset as well as reduced mortality in patients ≤60 years of age, NIHSS<15 or HV≤60 ml. For patients with HV >60 ml, deep coma and severe IVH, the outcomes of the two therapies were similar.Keywords：Intracerebral hemorrhage;intraventricular hemorrhage;minimal invasive puncture;decompressive craniectomy;recombinant tissue plasminogen activator;urokinase0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 -
Abstract：Background:To explore the relationship between acute stress, social support and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel, and construct the relational model through structural equation modeling.Methods:A total of 2,411 grass-root military personnel were randomly selected by cluster sampling, and administered the Chinese Military Personnel Sleep Disorder Scale, Military Acute Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.Results:The total score of acute stress scale was positively correlated with the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale (r=0.209~0.465, P<0.01); The total score of social support scale was positively correlated with the total score of acute stress scale and the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale (r=0.356~0.537, P<0.01). The analysis of mediating effects showed that lack of social support partially mediated between acute stress and the factors of sleep disorder. The analysis of structural equation model showed that acute stress not only had a direct effect on sleep disorder (the path coefficient was 0.29, P=0.000), but also on lack of social support (the path coefficient was 0.39, P=0.000); lack of social support had a direct effect on sleep disorder (the path coefficient was 0.48, P=0.000).Conclusions:Acute stress and lack of social support are two significant factors of sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel. Well-established social support could alleviate sleep disorder induced by acute stress. Lack of social support was a partial mediator between acute stress and sleep disorder.Keywords：grass-root military personnel;acute stress;social support;sleep disorder;structural equation model0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 -
Abstract：Background:To investigate the effect of intra-abdominal volume increment (IAVI) on intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in the kidneys.Methods:Eight minipigs were successfully established as IAH models and were randomly divided into two groups: the IAVI group and the sham-operated group. The intravesical pressure, inferior vena cava pressure and urine volume were measured before shock, 2 h after IAH, and 22 h after surgery, respectively. The following indices were measured: serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, renal cortical thickness, ratio of abdominal anteroposterior diameter/transverse diameter, renal thickness, diameter of the renal sinus and the wet/dry ratio of renal tissues.Results:The intravesical pressure (IVP) of the 8 minipig IAH models was calculated to be 21.16±4.63 mmHg. There was a significant increase in the abdominal anteroposterior diameter/transverse diameter ratio. The minipigs in the IAVI group survived during the observational period, whereas 2 minipigs died at 18 h and 20 h in the sham-operated group. Twenty-two hours after surgery, the animals in the IAVI group displayed increased urinary volume (UV) and decreased Cr and Ur and remarkable decreases of VP and IVCP. After IAH, the renal cortical thickness and the renal thickness increased significantly. The renal wet/dry ratio in the sham-operated group was higher than that in the IAVI group.Conclusion:IAVI helps to control renal dysfunction after IAH, which may be related to lowering the intra-abdominal pressure, thus alleviating renal edema and blood stasis.Keywords：intra-abdominal volume increment;intra-abdominal hypertension;Trauma;Shock;resuscitation0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 -
Abstract：Background:To compare the mortality rates and benefits of norepinephrine and vasopressin in patients with septic shock.Methods:PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database were searched from database inception to December 2013. We selected randomized controlled trials in adults with septic shock and compared norepinephrine with vasopressin. After assessing the heterogeneity of treatment effects across trials using the I2 statistic, we used a fixed effects model (P≥0.1) and expressed the results as risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes or as standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.1 software.Results:Seven trials (n=2323) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the mortality rate in these seven trials was 36.2% (840/2323). There was no difference in mortality following the use of norepinephrine or vasopressin (RR 1.07; 95%CI 0.97-1.20; P=0.19). Compared to norepinephrine, vasopressin had no significant effect on heart rate (HR) (SMD 0.21; 95%CI -0.08-0.50; P=0.15), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (SMD 0.15; 95%CI -0.15-0.44; P=0.33), cardiac index (CI) (SMD -0.10; 95%CI -0.64-0.44; P=0.73), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) (SMD 0.15; 95%CI -0.39-0.70; P=0.58), oxygen delivery (DO2) (SMD -0.06; 95%CI -0.62-0.49; P=0.82), oxygen consumption (VO2) (SMD 0.03; 95%CI -0.52-0.59; P=0.91) or lactic acid (SMD 0.07; 95%CI -0.23-0.36; P=0.66). No significant heterogeneity was found in these comparisons (P≥0.1).Conclusions:There is not sufficient evidence to prove conclusively that norepinephrine is superior to vasopressin in terms of mortality and hemodynamics. The effects of norepinephrine and vasopressin on patients with septic shock require further study in large randomized controlled trials.Keywords：norepinephrine;vasopressin;sepsis;Shock;Meta-analysis0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 -
Abstract：Background:This study reports a 10-year retrospective analysis of multiple trauma complicated by pulmonary contusion. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the risk factors for mortality due to trauma in patients with pulmonary contusion, the impact of various treatment options for prognosis, and the risk factors for concurrent Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 252 trauma patients with lung contusion admitted to the General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command from January 2000 to June 2011 by using the statistical processing system SPSS 17.0 for Windows.Results:We included 252 patients in our study, including 214 males and 38 females. The average age was 37.1±14.9 years. There were 110 cases admitted to the ICU, of which 26 cases with ARDS. Nine of the 252 patients died. We compared those who survived with those who died by gender and age, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.199, P=0.200). Separate univariate analysis of those who died and those who survived found that shock on admission (P=0.000), coagulation disorders (P=0.000), gastrointestinal bleeding (P=0.02), the need for emergency surgery on admission (P=0.000), pre-hospital intubation (P=0.000), blood transfusion within 24 hours (P=0.006), the use of mechanical ventilation (P=0.000), and concurrent ARDS (P=0.000) are poor prognosis risk factors. Further logistic analysis, including the admission GCS score (OR=0.708, 95%CI 0.516-0.971, P=0.032), ISS score (OR 1.135, 95%CI 1.006-1.280, P=0.039), and concurrent ARDS (OR=15.814, 95%CI 1.819-137.480, P=0.012), identified the GCS score, ISS score and concurrent ARDS as independent risk factors of poor prognosis. Shock (OR=9.121, 95%CI 0.857-97.060, P=0.067) was also related to poor prognosis. Patients with injury factors such as road accident, falling injury, blunt injury and crush injury, et al.(P=0.039), infection (P=0.005), shock (P=0.004), coagulation disorders (P=0.006), emergency surgery (P=0.01), pre-hospital intubation (P=0.000), chest tube insertion (P=0.004), blood transfusion (P=0.000), usage of hormones (P=0.002), phlegm (P=0.000), ventilation (P=0.000) were at a significantly increased risk for ARDS complications.Conclusions:Those patients with multiple trauma and pulmonary contusion admitted to the hospital with shock, coagulopathy, a need for emergency surgery, pre-hospital intubation, and a need for mechanical ventilation could have a significantly increased risk of mortality and ARDS incidence. A risk for poor prognosis was associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. A high ISS score, high APACHE Ⅱ, and low GCS score were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. If patients developed an infection or were given drainage, hormones, and phlegm treatment, they were at higher risk of ARDS. Pre-hospital intubation and drainage were independent risk factors for ARDS. In patients with ARDS, the ICU stay, total length of stay, and hospital costs might increase significantly. A GCS score<5.5, APACHE Ⅱ score>16.5, and ISS score>20.5 could be considered indicators of poor prognosis for patients with multiple trauma and lung contusion.Keywords：multiple trauma;pulmonary disease;retrospective studies0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12 -
Abstract：Background:Maxillofacial war injuries usually cause severe facial organ defects and deformities, handicapping the patient’s daily activities, even result in a tendency to commit suicide. The application of maxillofacial prosthesis is an alternative to surgery in functional–aesthetic facial reconstruction. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing has opened up a new approach to the fabrication of maxillofacial prosthesis. An intelligentized rapid simulative design and manufacture system for prosthesis was developed to facilitate the prosthesis fabrication procedure.Methods:Maxillofacial prosthesis rapid simulation design and rapid fabrication system consists of three components: digital impression, intelligentized prosthesis designing, and rapid manufacturing. The patients’ maxillofacial digital impressions were taken with Structured-light 3D scanner; and then the 3D model of prostheses and their negative molds could be designed in specific software; finally, with the resin molds fabricated by rapid prototyping machine, the prostheses could be produced directly and quickly.Results:Fifteen patients of maxillofacial defect caused by traumatic injuries received prosthesis rehabilitation provided by the established system. The contour of the prostheses coordinated properly with the appearance of the patients, and the uniform-thickness border sealed well to adjacent tissues. All the patients were satisfied with their prostheses.Conclusions:The rapid simulative rehabilitation system of maxillofacial defects has been approaching completion. It could provide advanced technological reservation for the Army in the issue of maxillofacial defect rehabilitation.Keywords：CAD/CAM;maxillofacial defect;prosthesis design;defect rehabilitation;war and traumatic injuries2|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
RESEARCH
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Abstract：Traditional triage cannot meet the needs of modern warfare. This paper describes the design of triage and evacuation equipment for casualties at sea that can quickly address mass-casualty triage and store and transmit information during battlefield treatment and medical evacuation. This equipment consists of a high-capacity medical information card, a simulated patient generator, a triage classifier and a multifunctional airbag triage vest.Keywords：Triage;evacuation;equipment;mass casualties;naval0|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
METHODOLOGY ARTICLE
- Abstract：Cold regions are a special combat environment in which low temperatures have a great impact on human metabolism and other vital functions, including the nervous, motion, cardiovascular, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems; consequently, low temperatures often aggravate existing trauma, leading to high mortality rates if rapid and appropriate treatment is not provided. Hypothermia is an independent risk factor of fatality following combat trauma; therefore, proactive preventative measures are needed to reduce the rate of mortality. After summarizing the basic research on battlefield environments and progress in the prevention and treatment of trauma, this article concludes that current treatment and prevention measures for combat trauma in cold regions are inadequate. Future molecular biology studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and relevant cell factors underlying bodily injury caused by cold environment, a research goal will also allow further exploration of corresponding treatments.Keywords：Military medicine;Wounds and injuries;cold climate;body temperature2|0|0Updated：2026-03-12
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