A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities

Miguel A. Ortega; Oscar Fraile-Martinez; Cielo García-Montero; Sergio Haro; Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Mon; Diego De Leon-Oliva; Ana M. Gomez-Lahoz; Jorge Monserrat; Mar Atienza-Pérez; David Díaz; Elisa Lopez-Dolado; Melchor Álvarez-Mon

doi:10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z

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A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities

REVIEW | Updated：2025-12-13

- A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities
- Military Medical Research Vol. 11, Issue 2, Pages: 228-267(2024)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Alcala, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
  2.Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
  3.Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain
  4.Service of Rehabilitation, National Hospital for Paraplegic Patients, Carr. de la Peraleda, S/N, 45004 Toledo, Spain
  5.Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias (CIBEREHD), 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Author bio：
  
  *miguel.angel.ortega92@gmail.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z
  CLC：
- Published：2024-04
- Accepted：
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Cite this article as: Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Haro S, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, De Leon-Oliva D, et al. A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities. Mil Med Res. 2023;10(1):26.
DOI：

Cite this article as: Ortega MA, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Haro S, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, De Leon-Oliva D, et al. A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmuno-endocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities. Mil Med Res. 2023;10(1):26. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-023-00461-z.

摘要

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and disabling medical condition generally caused by a traumatic event (primary injury). This initial trauma is accompanied by a set of biological mechanisms directed to ameliorate neural damage but also exacerbate initial damage (secondary injury). The alterations that occur in the spinal cord have not only local but also systemic consequences and virtually all organs and tissues of the body incur important changes after SCI

explaining the progression and detrimental consequences related to this condition. Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE) is a growing area of research aiming to integrate and explore the interactions among the different systems that compose the human organism

considering the mind and the body as a whole. The initial traumatic event and the consequent neurological disruption trigger immune

endocrine

and multisystem dysfunction

which in turn affect the patient's psyche and well-being. In the present review

we will explore the most important local and systemic consequences of SCI from a PNIE perspective

defining the changes occurring in each system and how all these mechanisms are interconnected. Finally

potential clinical approaches derived from this knowledge will also be collectively presented with the aim to develop integrative therapies to maximize the clinical management of these patients.

关键词

Keywords

references

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