Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases

Abdullah Muhammad Sohail; Muhammad Babar Khawar; Ali Afzal; Ali Hassan; Sara Shahzaman; Ahmed Ali

doi:10.1186/s40779-022-00405-z

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases

REVIEW | Updated：2023-07-21

- Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases
- Military Medical Research Vol. 10, Issue 3, Pages: 359-368(2023)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  2.Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
- Author bio：
  
  * babar.khawar@uon.edu.pk; babarkhawar@yahoo.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-022-00405-z
  CLC：
- Published：2023-06
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Cite this article as: Sohail AM, Khawar MB, Afzal A, Hassan A, Shahzaman S, Ali A. Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases. Mil Med Res. 2022;9(1):43.
DOI：

Cite this article as: Sohail AM, Khawar MB, Afzal A, Hassan A, Shahzaman S, Ali A. Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases. Mil Med Res. 2022;9(1):43. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-022-00405-z.

摘要

Abstract

Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are novel circulating factors that can be used as biomarkers in various diseases. Their unique and diverse kinds

as well as their role as biomarkers

make them significant biomarkers. There has been immense work carried out since the discovery of exRNAs in circulation and other biological fluids to catalog and determine whether exRNAs may be utilized as indicators for health and illness. In this review

we aim to understand the current state of exRNAs in relation to various diseases and their potential as biomarkers. We will also review current issues and challenges faced in using exRNAs

with clinical and lab trials

that can be used as viable markers for different diseases.

关键词

Keywords

references

Kim S , Jeon OH , Jeon YJ . Extracellular RNA: emerging roles in cancer cell communication and biomarkers . Cancer Lett . 2020 ; 495 : 33 - 40 .

Tosar JP , Witwer K , Cayota A . Revisiting extracellular RNA release, processing, and function . Trends Biochem Sci . 2021 ; 46 ( 6 ): 438 - 45 .

Arroyo JD , Chevillet JR , Kroh EM , Ruf IK , Pritchard CC , Gibson DF , et al . Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2011 ; 108 ( 12 ): 5003 - 8 .

Turchinovich A , Weiz L , Langheinz A , Burwinkel B . Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA . Nucleic Acids Res . 2011 ; 39 ( 16 ): 7223 - 33 .

Tosar JP . Die hard: resilient RNAs in the blood . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol . 2021 ; 22 ( 6 ): 373 .

Raposo G , Stahl PD . Extracellular vesicles: a new communication paradigm? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol . 2019 ; 20 ( 9 ): 509 - 10 .

Tamura T , Yoshioka Y , Sakamoto S , Ichikawa T , Ochiya T . Extracellular vesicles as a promising biomarker resource in liquid biopsy for cancer . Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids . 2021 ; 2 ( 2 ): 148 - 74 .

Nik Mohamed Kamal NNSB , Shahidan WNS . Non-exosomal and exosomal circulatory micrornas: Which are more valid as biomarkers? Front Pharmacol . 2020 ; 10 : 1500 .

Galagali H , Kim JK . The multifaceted roles of microRNAs in differentiation . Curr Opin Cell Biol . 2020 ; 67 : 118 - 40 .

Saliminejad K , Khorram Khorshid HR , Soleymani Fard S , Ghaffari SH . An overview of microRNAs: biology, functions, therapeutics, and analysis methods . J Cell Physiol . 2019 ; 234 ( 5 ): 5451 - 65 .

Musilová K , Mráz M . MicroRNAs in B-cell lymphomas: how a complex biology gets more complex . Leukemia . 2015 ; 29 ( 5 ): 1004 - 17 .

Chen X , Liang H , Zhang J , Zen K , Zhang CY . Secreted microRNAs: a new form of intercellular communication . Trends Cell Biol . 2012 ; 22 ( 3 ): 125 - 32 .

Vickers KC , Remaley AT . Lipid-based carriers of microRNAs and intercellular communication . Curr Opin Lipidol . 2012 ; 23 ( 2 ): 91 .

Zhu L , Li J , Gong Y , Wu Q , Tan S , Sun D , et al . Exosomal tRNA-derived small RNA as a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis . Mol Cancer . 2019 ; 18 ( 1 ): 74 .

Zahra S , Singh A , Poddar N , Kumar S . Transfer RNA-derived non-coding RNAs (tncRNAs): hidden regulation of plants’ transcriptional regulatory circuits . Comput Struct Biotechnol J . 2021 ; 19 : 5278 - 91 .

Lee YS , Shibata Y , Malhotra A , Dutta A . A novel class of small RNAs: tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) . Genes Dev . 2009 ; 23 ( 22 ): 2639 - 49 .

Freedman JE , Gerstein M , Mick E , Rozowsky J , Levy D , Kitchen R , et al . Diverse human extracellular RNAs are widely detected in human plasma . Nat Commun . 2016 ; 7 : 11106 .

Tatosyan KA , Ustyantsev IG , Kramerov DA . RNA degradation in eukaryotic cells . Mol Biol (Mosk) . 2020 ; 54 ( 4 ): 542 - 61 .

Kowalski MP , Krude T . Functional roles of non-coding Y RNAs . Int J Biochem Cell Biol . 2015 ; 66 : 20 - 9 .

Chen X , Taylor DW , Fowler CC , Galan JE , Wang HW , Wolin SL . An RNA degradation machine sculpted by Ro autoantigen and noncoding RNA . Cell . 2013 ; 153 ( 1 ): 166 - 77 .

Zhao C , Sun X , Li L . Biogenesis and function of extracellular miRNAs . ExRNA . 2019 ; 1 : 38 .

Vickers KC , Michell DL . HDL-small RNA export, transport, and functional delivery in atherosclerosis . Curr Atheroscler Rep . 2021 ; 23 ( 7 ): 38 .

Kosaka N , Iguchi H , Yoshioka Y , Takeshita F , Matsuki Y , Ochiya T . Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells . J Biol Chem . 2010 ; 285 ( 23 ): 17442 - 52 .

Anand S , Samuel M , Kumar S , Mathivanan S . Ticket to a bubble ride: cargo sorting into exosomes and extracellular vesicles . Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom . 2019 ; 1867 ( 12 ): 140203 .

Mcclelland AD , Herman-Edelstein M , Komers R , Jha JC , Winbanks CE , Hagiwara S , et al . miR-21 promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by targeting PTEN and SMAD7 . Clin Sci . 2015 ; 129 ( 12 ): 1237 - 49 .

Rennert RC , Hochberg FH , Carter BS . ExRNA in biofluids as biomarkers for brain tumors . Cell Mol Neurobiol . 2016 ; 36 ( 3 ): 353 - 60 .

Migita K , Komori A , Kozuru H , Jiuchi Y , Nakamura M , Yasunami M , et al . Circulating microRNA profiles in patients with type-1 autoimmune hepatitis . PLoS ONE . 2015 ; 10 ( 11 ): e0136908 .

Kristensen L , Hansen T , Venø M , Kjems J . Circular RNAs in cancer: opportunities and challenges in the field . Oncogene . 2018 ; 37 ( 5 ): 555 - 65 .

Ömerhoca S , Akkaş SY , İçen NK . Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis and differential diagnosis . Noro Psikiyatr Ars . 2018 ; 55 ( Suppl 1 ): S1 - 9 .

Happel C , Ganguly A , Tagle DA . Extracellular RNAs as potential biomarkers for cancer . J Cancer Metastasis Treat . 2020 ; 6 ( 9 ): 20 - 37 .

Ebrahimkhani S , Vafaee F , Young PE , Hur SS , Hawke S , Devenney E , et al . Exosomal microRNA signatures in multiple sclerosis reflect disease status . Sci Rep . 2017 ; 7 ( 1 ): 14293 .

Li F , Yoshizawa JM , Kim KM , Kanjanapangka J , Grogan TR , Wang X , et al . Discovery and validation of salivary extracellular RNA biomarkers for noninvasive detection of gastric cancer . Clin Chem . 2018 ; 64 ( 10 ): 1513 - 21 .

Hochberg FH , Atai NA , Gonda D , Hughes MS , Mawejje B , Balaj L , et al . Glioma diagnostics and biomarkers: an ongoing challenge in the field of medicine and science . Expert Rev Mol Diagn . 2014 ; 14 ( 4 ): 439 - 52 .

Balaj L , Lessard R , Dai L , Cho YJ , Pomeroy SL , Breakefield XO , et al . Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences . Nat Commun . 2011 ; 2 : 180 .

Peters LJ , Floege J , Biessen EA , Jankowski J , Van Der Vorst EP . MicroRNAs in chronic kidney disease: four candidates for clinical application . Int J Mol Sci . 2020 ; 21 ( 18 ): 6547 .

Dai Y , Sui W , Lan H , Yan Q , Huang H , Huang Y . Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in renal biopsies of lupus nephritis patients . Rheumatol Int . 2009 ; 29 ( 7 ): 749 - 54 .

Huleihel L , Scarritt ME , Badylak SF . The influence of extracellular RNA on cell behavior in health, disease and regeneration . Curr Pathobiol Rep . 2017 ; 5 ( 1 ): 13 - 22 .

Roderburg C , Urban G-W , Bettermann K , Vucur M , Zimmermann H , Schmidt S , et al . Micro-RNA profiling reveals a role for miR-29 in human and murine liver fibrosis . Hepatology . 2011 ; 53 ( 1 ): 209 - 18 .

Bala S , Petrasek J , Mundkur S , Catalano D , Ward J , Levin I , et al . Serum microRNA-122 and miR-155 as biomarkers of liver injury and inflammation in models of acute and chronic liver disease . Hoagland Pincus Conference Center ; 2012 .

Guess MG , Barthel KK , Harrison BC , Leinwand LA . miR-30 family microRNAs regulate myogenic differentiation and provide negative feedback on the microRNA pathway . PLoS One . 2015 ; 10 ( 2 ): e0118229 .

Schueller F , Roy S , Loosen SH , Alder J , Koppe C , Schneider AT , et al . miR-223 represents a biomarker in acute and chronic liver injury . Clin Sci . 2017 ; 131 ( 15 ): 1971 - 87 .

Hallal S , Ebrahimkhani S , Shivalingam B , Graeber MB , Kaufman KL , Buckland ME . The emerging clinical potential of circulating extracellular vesicles for non-invasive glioma diagnosis and disease monitoring . Brain Tumor Pathol . 2019 ; 36 ( 2 ): 29 - 39 .

Fukumoto I , Hanazawa T , Kinoshita T , Kikkawa N , Koshizuka K , Goto Y , et al . MicroRNA expression signature of oral squamous cell carcinoma: functional role of microRNA-26a/b in the modulation of novel cancer pathways . Br J Cancer . 2015 ; 112 ( 5 ): 891 - 900 .

Li X , Khanna A , Li N , Wang E . Circulatory miR34a as an RNA-based, noninvasive biomarker for brain aging . Aging (Albany NY) . 2011 ; 3 ( 10 ): 985 - 1002 .

Machida T , Tomofuji T , Ekuni D , Maruyama T , Yoneda T , Kawabata Y , et al . MicroRNAs in salivary exosome as potential biomarkers of aging . Int J Mol Sci . 2015 ; 16 ( 9 ): 21294 - 309 .

Deng L , Huang Y , Li L , Chen H , Su J . Serum miR-29a/b expression in gestational diabetes mellitus and its influence on prognosis evaluation . J Int Med Res . 2020 ; 48 ( 9 ): 0300060520954763 .

Karolina DS , Tavintharan S , Armugam A , Sepramaniam S , Pek SLT , Wong MT , et al . Circulating miRNA profiles in patients with metabolic syndrome . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2012 ; 97 ( 12 ): E2271 - 6 .

Kong L , Zhu J , Han W , Jiang X , Xu M , Zhao Y , et al . Significance of serum microRNAs in pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a clinical study . Acta Diabetol . 2011 ; 48 ( 1 ): 61 - 9 .

Sebastiani G , Spagnuolo I , Patti A , Grieco FA , Cataldo D , Ferretti E , et al . MicroRNA expression fingerprint in serum of type 1 diabetic patients . Diabetologia . 2012 ; 55 : S48 .

Yu Y , Naoyuki T , Shingo T , Shinsaku T , Tatsuki F , Kazuto T , et al . Serum microRNA profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or drug-induced liver injury . Clin Biochem . 2017 ; 50 ( 18 ): 1034 - 9 .

Kacperska MJ , Jastrzebski K , Tomasik B , Walenczak J , Konarska-Krol M , Glabinski A . Selected extracellular microRNA as potential biomarkers of multiple sclerosis activity—preliminary study . J Mol Neurosci . 2015 ; 56 ( 1 ): 154 - 63 .

Eissa S , Matboli M , Aboushahba R , Bekhet MM , Soliman Y . Urinary exosomal microRNA panel unravels novel biomarkers for diagnosis of type 2 diabetic kidney disease . J Diabetes Complications . 2016 ; 30 ( 8 ): 1585 - 92 .

Zang J , Maxwell AP , Simpson DA , Mckay GJ . Differential expression of urinary exosomal microRNAs miR-21-5p and miR-30b-5p in individuals with diabetic kidney disease . Sci Rep . 2019 ; 9 ( 1 ): 10900 .

Chiabotto G , Gai C , Deregibus MC , Camussi G . Salivary extracellular vesicle-associated exRNA as cancer biomarker . Cancers (Basel) . 2019 ; 11 ( 7 ): 891 .

Zhang X , Xia D , Wang RX , Zhang YT , Zhang SY , Yang C , et al . Identification of potential biomarkers for digestive system cancers from serum-derived extracellular vesicle RNA . Clin Chim Acta . 2022 ; 531 : 36 - 47 .

Kogure T , Yan IK , Lin WL , Patel T . Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of a novel long noncoding RNA TUC339: a mechanism of intercellular signaling in human hepatocellular cancer . Genes Cancer . 2013 ; 4 ( 7–8 ): 261 - 72 .

Zhao L , Ning Q , Zheng G , Luo J , Dong D . exRNA disease: an extracellular RNA transcriptome atlas in human diseases . Gene . 2022 ; 836 : 146662 .

Larson MH , Pan W , Kim HJ , Mauntz RE , Stuart SM , Pimentel M , et al . A comprehensive characterization of the cell-free transcriptome reveals tissue-and subtype-specific biomarkers for cancer detection . Nat Commun . 2021 ; 12 ( 1 ): 2357 .

Dogra N , Ahsen ME , Kozlova EEG , Chen TY , Allette K , Olsen R , et al . exRNA signatures in extracellular vesicles and their tumor-lineage from prostate cancer . medRxiv . 2020 . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.20190009:2020.09.28.20190009 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.28.20190009:2020.09.28.20190009 .

Tamehri Zadeh SS , Taheri D , Shivarani S , Khatami F , Kazemi R . Liquid biopsy in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis: a narrative review . Transl Res Urol . 2020 ; 2 ( 4 ): 139 - 46 .

Ji J , Chen R , Zhao L , Xu Y , Cao Z , Xu H , et al . Circulating exosomal mRNA profiling identifies novel signatures for the detection of prostate cancer . Mol Cancer . 2021 ; 20 ( 1 ): 58 .

Bahn JH , Zhang Q , Li F , Chan TM , Lin X , Kim Y , et al . The landscape of microRNA, Piwi-interacting RNA, and circular RNA in human saliva . Clin Chem . 2015 ; 61 ( 1 ): 221 - 30 .

Ingenito F , Roscigno G , Affinito A , Nuzzo S , Scognamiglio I , Quintavalle C , et al . The role of Exo-miRNAs in cancer: a focus on therapeutic and diagnostic applications . Int J Mol Sci . 2019 ; 20 ( 19 ): 4687 .

Wang L , Wang J , Jia E , Liu Z , Ge Q , Zhao X . Plasma RNA sequencing of extracellular RNAs reveals potential biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer . Clin Biochem . 2020 ; 83 : 65 - 73 .

Qin XJ , Zhang JX , Wang RL . Exosomes as mediators and biomarkers in fibrosis . Biomark Med . 2020 ; 14 ( 8 ): 697 - 712 .

Chen L , Chen R , Velazquez VM , Brigstock DR . Fibrogenic signaling is suppressed in hepatic stellate cells through targeting of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) by cellular or exosomal microRNA-199a-5p . Am J Pathol . 2016 ; 186 ( 11 ): 2921 - 33 .

Uzzaman A , Zhang X , Qiao Z , Zhan H , Sohail A , Wahid A , et al . Discovery of small extracellular vesicle proteins from human serum for liver cirrhosis and liver cancer . Biochimie . 2020 ; 177 : 132 - 41 .

Weis A . Investigating the potential of circulating microRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma . Australia : The University of Queensland ; 2019 .

Iravani F , Hosseini N , Mojarrad M . Role of micrornas in pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis . Middle East J Dig Dis . 2018 ; 10 ( 4 ): 213 - 9 .

Cheung O , Puri P , Eicken C , Contos MJ , Mirshahi F , Maher JW , et al . Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with altered hepatic MicroRNA expression . Hepatology . 2008 ; 48 ( 6 ): 1810 - 20 .

Gruner HN , Mcmanus MT . Examining the evidence for extracellular RNA function in mammals . Nat Rev Genet . 2021 ; 22 ( 7 ): 448 - 58 .

Kim TH , Lee Y , Lee YS , Gim JA , Ko E , Yim SY , et al . Circulating miRNA is a useful diagnostic biomarker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 14639 .

Huang P , Tu B , Liao HJ , Huang FZ , Li ZZ , Zhu KY , et al . Elevation of plasma tRNA fragments as a promising biomarker for liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Sci Rep . 2021 ; 11 ( 1 ): 5886 .

Schult P , Roth H , Adams RL , Mas C , Imbert L , Orlik C , et al . microRNA-122 amplifies hepatitis C virus translation by shaping the structure of the internal ribosomal entry site . Nat Commun . 2018 ; 9 ( 1 ): 2613 .

Wang Y , Cao J , Zhang S , Sun L , Nan Y , Yao H , et al . MicroRNA-802 induces hepatitis B virus replication and replication through regulating SMARCE1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma . Cell Death Dis . 2019 ; 10 ( 10 ): 783 .

Bai L , Zhang X , Kozlowski M , Li W , Wu M , Liu J , et al . Extracellular hepatitis B virus RNAs are heterogeneous in length and circulate as capsid-antibody complexes in addition to virions in chronic hepatitis B patients . J Virol . 2018 ; 92 ( 24 ): e00798 - e818 .

Yao MY , Zhang WH , Ma WT , Liu QH , Xing LH , Zhao GF . microRNA-328 in exosomes derived from M2 macrophages exerts a promotive effect on the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via FAM13A in a rat model . Exp Mol Med . 2019 ; 51 ( 6 ): 1 - 16 .

Njock MS , Guiot J , Henket MA , Nivelles O , Thiry M , Dequiedt F , et al . Sputum exosomes: promising biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis . Thorax . 2019 ; 74 ( 3 ): 309 - 12 .

Sadik N , Cruz L , Gurtner A , Rodosthenous RS , Dusoswa SA , Ziegler O , et al . Extracellular RNAs: a new awareness of old perspectives . Methods Mol Biol . 2018 ; 1740 : 1 - 15 .

Wang M , Tan Y , Shi Y , Wang X , Liao Z , Wei P . Diabetes and sarcopenic obesity: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments . Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2020 ; 11 : 568 .

Zhou Y , Yang J . Implications of microRNA in kidney metabolic disorders . ExRNA . 2020 ; 2 : 4 .

Deng J , Guo F . MicroRNAs and type 2 diabetes . ExRNA . 2019 ; 1 : 36 .

Freeman DW , Noren Hooten N , Eitan E , Green J , Mode NA , Bodogai M , et al . Altered extracellular vesicle concentration, cargo, and function in diabetes . Diabetes . 2018 ; 67 ( 11 ): 2377 - 88 .

Noren HN . Extracellular vesicles and extracellular RNA in aging and age-related disease . Transl Med Aging . 2020 ; 4 : 96 - 8 .

Dluzen DF , Noren Hooten N , De S , Wood Iii WH , Zhang Y , Becker KG , et al . Extracellular RNA profiles with human age . Aging Cell . 2018 ; 17 ( 4 ): e12785 .

Go V , Bowley BGE , Pessina MA , Zhang ZG , Chopp M , Finklestein SP , et al . Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells reduce microglial-mediated neuroinflammation after cortical injury in aged Rhesus monkeys . GeroScience . 2020 ; 42 ( 1 ): 1 - 17 .

Alibhai FJ , Lim F , Yeganeh A , Distefano PV , Binesh-Marvasti T , Belfiore A , et al . Cellular senescence contributes to age-dependent changes in circulating extracellular vesicle cargo and function . Aging Cell . 2020 ; 19 ( 3 ): e13103 .

He J , Tu C , Liu Y . Role of lncRNAs in aging and age-related diseases . Aging Med . 2018 ; 1 ( 2 ): 158 - 75 .

Nevalainen T , Autio A , Puhka M , Jylhä M , Hurme M . Composition of the whole transcriptome in the human plasma: cellular source and modification by aging . Exp Gerontol . 2021 ; 143 : 111119 .

Zhou Z , Wu Q , Yan Z , Zheng H , Chen CJ , Liu Y , et al . Extracellular RNA in a single droplet of human serum reflects physiologic and disease states . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2019 ; 116 ( 38 ): 19200 - 8 .

Das S , Abdel-Mageed AB , Adamidi C , Adelson PD , Akat KM , Alsop E , et al . The extracellular RNA communication consortium: establishing foundational knowledge and technologies for extracellular RNA research . Cell . 2019 ; 177 ( 2 ): 231 - 42 .

Tarasov VV , Svistunov AA , Chubarev VN , Dostdar SA , Sokolov AV , Brzecka A , et al . Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine . Semin Cancer Biol . 2021 ; 69 : 212 - 25 .

Ouyang Y , Liu Y , Wang ZM , Liu Z , Wu M . FLIM as a promising tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring . Nanomicro Lett . 2021 ; 13 ( 1 ): 133 .

Sundararajan V , Sarkar FH , Ramasamy TS . The versatile role of exosomes in cancer progression: diagnostic and therapeutic implications . Cell Oncol . 2018 ; 41 ( 3 ): 223 - 52 .

Wiklander Oscar PB , Brennan M , Lötvall J , Breakefield Xandra O , Samir ELA . Advances in therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles . Sci Transl Med . 2019 ; 11 ( 492 ): eaav8521 .

Sheehan C , D’souza-Schorey C . Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: molecular parcels that enable regulation of the immune response in cancer . J Cell Sci . 2019 ; 132 ( 20 ): jcs235085 .

O’brien K , Breyne K , Ughetto S , Laurent LC , Breakefield XO . RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications . Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol . 2020 ; 21 ( 10 ): 585 - 606 .

Diamond JM , Vanpouille-Box C , Spada S , Rudqvist N-P , Chapman JR , Ueberheide BM , et al . Exosomes shuttle TREX1-sensitive IFN-stimulatory dsDNA from irradiated cancer cells to DCs . Cancer Immunol Res . 2018 ; 6 ( 8 ): 910 - 20 .

Lin W , Xu Y , Chen X , Liu J , Weng Y , Zhuang Q , et al . Radiation-induced small extracellular vesicles as “carriages” promote tumor antigen release and trigger antitumor immunity . Theranostics . 2020 ; 10 ( 11 ): 4871 - 84 .

Soe ZY , Park EJ , Shimaoka M . Integrin regulation in immunological and cancerous cells and exosomes . Int J Mol Sci . 2021 ; 22 ( 4 ): 2193 .

You B , Xu W , Zhang B . Engineering exosomes: a new direction for anticancer treatment . Am J Cancer Res . 2018 ; 8 ( 8 ): 1332 .

Xu L , Faruqu FN , Liam-Or R , Abu Abed O , Li D , Venner K , et al . Design of experiment (DoE)-driven in vitro and in vivo uptake studies of exosomes for pancreatic cancer delivery enabled by copper-free click chemistry-based labelling . J Extracell Vesicles . 2020 ; 9 ( 1 ): 1779458 .

Mithraprabhu S , Morley R , Chen M , Ramachandran M , Choi K , Kalff A , et al . Extracellular RNA: an emerging biomarker for therapeutic monitoring in multiple myeloma . Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk . 2021 ; 21 ( Suppl 2 ): S68 - 9 .

Lehrich BM , Liang Y , Fiandaca MS . Foetal bovine serum influence on in vitro extracellular vesicle analyses . J Extracell Vesicles . 2021 ; 10 ( 3 ): e12061 .

He W , Xu J , Huang Z , Zhang J , Dong L . MiRNAs in cancer therapy: focusing on their bi-directional roles . ExRNA . 2019 ; 1 : 7 .

Zhou Y , Yang J . Extracellular RNA in renal diseases . ExRNA . 2019 ; 1 : 5 .

Kuscu C , Eason JD , Kuscu C . Technical advancements in epigenomics and applications in transplantation . Curr Opin Organ Transplant . 2021 ; 26 ( 1 ): 23 - 9 .

Arshad S , Khawar MB , Hassan A , Afzal A , Muhammad Sohail A , Mukhtar M , et al . Cell free DNA; diagnostic and prognostic approaches to oncology . Adv Cancer Biol Metastasis . 2022 ; 5 : 100052 .

Mithraprabhu S , Morley R , Khong T , Kalff A , Bergin K , Hocking J , et al . Monitoring tumour burden and therapeutic response through analysis of circulating tumour DNA and extracellular RNA in multiple myeloma patients . Leukemia . 2019 ; 33 ( 8 ): 2022 - 33 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Exosomal mediators in sepsis and inflammatory organ injury: unraveling the role of exosomes in intercellular crosstalk and organ dysfunction

Unresolved questions in the application of artificial intelligence virtual cells for cancer research

Impact of targeting the platelet-activating factor and its receptor in cancer treatment

Role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis in oncogenesis and its targeting by bioactive natural compounds for cancer immunotherapy

Research on Driving Equipment Suspension Parameters and the Structures of Locomotives with Motor Elastically Mounted on the Frame

Related Author

Ting Gong

You-Tan Liu

Jie Fan

Carlos M. Ardila

Pradeep K. Yadalam

Kimya Qaderi

Arvin Shahmoradi

Anita Thyagarajan

Related Institution

Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University

McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh

Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System

Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

⁰