Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Stefan Sammito; Vedran Hadzic; Thomas Karakolis; Karen R. Kelly; Susan P. Proctor; Ainars Stepens; Graham White; Wes O. Zimmermann

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

RESEARCH | Updated：2023-02-28

- Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model
- Military Medical Research Vol. 9, Issue 4, Pages: 444-483(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Section Experimental Aerospace Medicine Research, German Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Flughafenstraße 1, 51147 Cologne, Germany
  2.Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
  3.Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
  4.Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada
  5.Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106-3599, USA
  6.Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
  7.Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
  8.Centre for Military Medicine Research, Riga Stradins University, Riga 1007, Latvia
  9.Human and Social Sciences Group, Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Portsdown Hill Road, Fareham PO17 6AD, UK
  10.Department of Military Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, 3584 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
  11.Department of Military/Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Author bio：
  
  * stefansammito@bundeswehr.org
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w
  CLC：
- Published：2022-08
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Sammito S, Hadzic V, Karakolis T, Kelly KR, Proctor SP, Stepens A, et al. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):66.
DOI：

Sammito S, Hadzic V, Karakolis T, Kelly KR, Proctor SP, Stepens A, et al. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):66. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w.

摘要

Abstract

Background:

Musculoskeletal injuries (MSkIs) are a leading cause of health care utilization

as well as limited duty and disability in the US military and other armed forces. MSkIs affect members of the military during initial training

operational training

and deployment and have a direct negative impact on overall troop readiness. Currently

a systematic overview of all risk factors for MSkIs in the military is not available.

Methods:

A systematic literature search was carried out using the PubMed

Ovid/Medline

and Web of Science databases from January 1

2000 to September 10

2019. Additionally

a reference list scan was performed (using the "snowball method" ). Thereafter

an international

multidisciplinary expert panel scored the level of evidence per risk factor

and a classification of modifiable/non-modifiable was made.

Results:

In total

176 original papers and 3 meta-analyses were included in the review. A list of 57 reported potential risk factors was formed. For 21 risk factors

the level of evidence was considered moderate or strong. Based on this literature review and an in-depth analysis

the expert panel developed a model to display the most relevant risk factors identified

introducing the idea of the "order of importance" and including concepts that are modifiable/non-modifiable

as well as extrinsic/intrinsic risk factors.

Conclusions:

This is the qualitative systematic review of studies on risk factors for MSkIs in the military that has attempted to be all-inclusive. A total of 57 different potential risk factors were identified

and a new

prioritizing injury model was developed. This model may help us to understand risk factors that can be addressed

and in which order they should be prioritized when planning intervention strategies within military groups.

关键词

Keywords

references

Absolute and relative morbidity burdens attributable to various illnesses and injuries, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2018 . MSMR . 2019 ; 26 ( 5 ): 2 - 10 .

Dijksma I , Bekkers M , Spek B , Lucas C , Stuiver M . Epidemiology and financial burden of musculoskeletal injuries as the leading health problem in the military . Mil Med . 2020 ; 185 ( 3–4 ): e480 - 6 .

Orr RM , Johnston V , Coyle J , Pope R . Reported load carriage injuries of the Australian army soldier . J Occup Rehabil . 2015 ; 25 ( 2 ): 316 - 22 .

Sammito S . Direct and indirect costs caused by accidents at workplace sport activities . Präv Gesundheitsf . 2011 ; 6 ( 4 ): 245 - 8 .

Strowbridge NF , Burgess KR . Sports and training injuries in British soldiers: the Colchester Garrison Sports Injury and Rehabilitation Centre . J R Army Med Corps . 2002 ; 148 ( 3 ): 236 - 43 .

Wardle SL , Greeves JP . Mitigating the risk of musculoskeletal injury: A systematic review of the most effective injury prevention strategies for military personnel . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 ( Suppl 4 ): S3 - 10 .

Reis JP , Trone DW , Macera CA , Rauh MJ . Factors associated with discharge during marine corps basic training . Mil Med . 2007 ; 172 ( 9 ): 936 - 41 .

Darakjy S , Marin RE , Knapik JJ , Jones BH . Injuries and illnesses among armor brigade soldiers during operational training . Mil Med . 2006 ; 171 ( 11 ): 1051 - 6 .

Patel AA , Hauret KG , Taylor BJ , Jones BH . Non-battle injuries among U.S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq, 2001–2013 . J Safety Res . 2017 ; 60 : 29 - 34 .

Belmont PJ Jr , Goodman GP , Waterman B , DeZee K , Burks R , Owens BD . Disease and nonbattle injuries sustained by a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team during Operation Iraqi Freedom . Mil Med . 2010 ; 175 ( 7 ): 469 - 76 .

Goodman GP , Schoenfeld AJ , Owens BD , Dutton JR , Burks R , Belmont PJ . Non-emergent orthopaedic injuries sustained by soldiers in Operation Iraqi Freedom . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2012 ; 94 ( 8 ): 728 - 35 .

Lincoln AE , Smith GS , Amoroso PJ , Bell NS . The natural history and risk factors of musculoskeletal conditions resulting in disability among US Army personnel . Work . 2002 ; 18 ( 2 ): 99 - 113 .

Bergman BP , Miller SA . Equal opportunities, equal risks? Overuse injuries in female military recruits . J Public Health Med . 2001 ; 23 ( 1 ): 35 - 9 .

Taanila H , Hemminki AJM , Suni JH , Pihlajamäki H , Parkkari J . Low physical fitness is a strong predictor of health problems among young men: a follow-up study of 1411 male conscripts . BMC Public Health . 2011 ; 11 : 590 .

de la Motte SJ , Lisman P , Gribbin TC , Murphy K , Deuster PA . Systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 3—flexibility, power, speed, balance, and agility . J Strength Cond Res . 2017 ; 33 ( 6 ): 1723 - 35 .

Lisman PJ , de la Motte SJ , Gribbin TC , Jaffin DP , Murphy K , Deuster PA . A systematic review of the association between physical fitness and musculoskeletal injury risk: part 1—cardiorespiratory endurance . J Strength Cond Res . 2017 ; 31 ( 6 ): 1744 - 57 .

Knapik J , Steelman R . Risk factors for injuries during military static-line airborne operations: a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Athl Train . 2016 ; 51 ( 11 ): 962 - 80 .

Molloy JM . Factors influencing running-related musculoskeletal injury risk among U.S. Military Recruits . Mil Med . 2016 ; 181 ( 6 ): 512 - 23 .

Knapik JJ . The importance of physical fitness for injury prevention: part 1 . J Spec Oper Med . 2015 ; 15 ( 1 ): 123 - 7 .

Knapik JJ . The importance of physical fitness for injury prevention: part 2 . J Spec Oper Med . 2015 ; 15 ( 2 ): 112 - 5 .

Bulzacchelli MT , Sulsky SI , Rodriguez-Monguio R , Karlsson LH , Hill MOT . Injury during U.S. Army basic combat training: a systematic review of risk factor studies . Am J Prev Med . 2014 ; 47 ( 6 ): 813 - 22 .

Wentz L , Liu PY , Haymes E , Ilich JZ . Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: a systemic review . Mil Med . 2011 ; 176 ( 4 ): 420 - 30 .

Dao D , Sodhi S , Tabasinejad R , Peterson D , Ayeni OR , Bhandari M , et al . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and stress fractures in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Am J Sports Med . 2015 ; 43 ( 8 ): 2064 - 72 .

Bedno SA , Jackson R , Feng X , Walton IL , Boivin MR , Cowan DN . Meta-analysis of cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal injuries in military training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2017 ; 49 ( 11 ): 2191 - 7 .

Tomes CD , Sawyer S , Orr R , Schram B . Ability of fitness testing to predict injury risk during initial tactical training: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Inj Prev . 2020 ; 26 ( 1 ): 67 - 81 .

Knapik JJ , Steelman R . Risk factors for injuries during airborne static line operations . J Spec Oper Med . 2014 ; 14 ( 3 ): 95 - 7 .

Bell NS , Mangione TW , Hemenway D , Amoroso PJ , Jones BH . High injury rates among female army trainees: a function of gender? Am J Prev Med . 2000 ; 18 ( 3 Suppl ): 141 - 6 .

Liberati A , Altman DG , Tetzlaff J , Mulrow C , Gøtzsche PC , Ioannidis JPA , et al . The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration . PLoS Med . 2009 ; 6 ( 7 ): e1000100 .

Greenhalgh T , Peacock R . Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources . BMJ . 2005 ; 331 ( 7524 ): 1064 - 5 .

Dixon SJ , Creaby MW , Allsopp AJ . Comparison of static and dynamic biomechanical measures in military recruits with and without a history of third metatarsal stress fracture . Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) . 2006 ; 21 ( 4 ): 412 - 9 .

Waterman BR , Gun B , Bader JO , Orr JD , Belmont PJ . Epidemiology of lower extremity stress fractures in the United States Military . Mil Med . 2016 ; 181 ( 10 ): 1308 - 13 .

Itskoviz D , Marom T , Ostfeld I . Trends of stress fracture prevalence among Israel Defense Forces basic trainees . Mil Med . 2011 ; 176 ( 1 ): 56 - 9 .

Jones SB , Knapik JJ , Jones BH . Seasonal variations in injury rates in U.S. Army ordnance training . Mil Med . 2008 ; 173 ( 4 ): 362 - 8 .

Jones BH , Hauret KG , Dye SK , Hauschild VD , Rossi SP , Richardson MD , Friedl KE . Impact of physical fitness and body composition on injury risk among active young adults: a study of army trainees . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 ( Suppl 4 ): S17 - 22 .

Bedno SA , Nelson DA , Kurina LM , Choi YS . Gender differences in the associations of body mass index, physical fitness and tobacco use with lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries among new US Army soldiers . Inj Prev . 2019 ; 25 ( 4 ): 295 - 300 .

Kuikka PI , Pihlajamäki HK , Mattila VM . Knee injuries related to sports in young adult males during military service—incidence and risk factors . Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2013 ; 23 ( 3 ): 281 - 7 .

Mattila VM , Kuronen P , Pihlajamäki H . Nature and risk factors of injury hospitalization in young adults: a follow-up of 135,987 military conscripts . Scand J Public Health . 2007 ; 35 ( 4 ): 418 - 23 .

Mattila VM , Niva M , Kiuru M , Pihlajamäki H . Risk factors for bone stress injuries: a follow-up study of 102,515 person-years . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2007 ; 39 ( 7 ): 1061 - 6 .

Sormaala MJ , Niva MH , Kiuru MJ , Mattila VM , Pihlajamäki HK . Stress injuries of the calcaneus detected with magnetic resonance imaging in military recruits . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2006 ; 88 ( 10 ): 2237 - 42 .

Craig SC , Lee T . Attention to detail: injuries at altitude among U.S. army military static line parachutists . Mil Med . 2000 ; 165 ( 4 ): 268 - 71 .

Packnett ER , Niebuhr DW , Bedno SA , Cowan DN . Body mass index, medical qualification status, and discharge during the first year of US Army service . Am J Clin Nutr . 2011 ; 93 ( 3 ): 608 - 14 .

Sulsky SI , Bulzacchelli MT , Zhu L , Karlsson L , McKinnon CJ , Hill OT , Kardouni JR . Risk factors for training-related injuries during U.S. Army Basic Combat Training . Mil Med . 2018 ; 183 ( suppl_1 ): 55 - 65 .

Activity AMS . Relationship between body mass index and musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disorders, US Army, 1990–1999 . Med Surveill Mon Rep . 2000 ; 6 : 2 - 10 .

Cameron KL , Owens BD , DeBerardino TM . Incidence of ankle sprains among active-duty members of the United States Armed Services from 1998 through 2006 . J Athl Train . 2010 ; 45 ( 1 ): 29 - 38 .

Montain SJ , McGraw SM , Ely MR , Grier TL , Knapik JJ . A retrospective cohort study on the influence of UV index and race/ethnicity on risk of stress and lower limb fractures . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2013 ; 14 : 135 .

Knapik JJ , Sharp MA , Montain SJ . Association between stress fracture incidence and predicted body fat in United States Army Basic Combat Training recruits . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2018 ; 19 ( 1 ): 161 .

Knapik J , Montain SJ , McGraw S , Grier T , Ely M , Jones BH . Stress fracture risk factors in basic combat training . Int J Sports Med . 2012 ; 33 ( 11 ): 940 - 6 .

Hruby A , Bulathsinhala L , McKinnon CJ , Hill OT , Montain SJ , Young AJ , et al . BMI and lower extremity injury in U.S. army soldiers, 2001–2011 . Am J Prev Med . 2016 ; 50 ( 6 ): e163 - 71 .

Bulathsinhala L , Hughes JM , McKinnon CJ , Kardouni JR , Guerriere KI , Popp KL , et al . Risk of stress fracture varies by race/ethnic origin in a cohort study of 1.3 million US Army soldiers . J Bone Miner Res . 2017 ; 32 ( 7 ): 1546 - 53 .

Hughes JM , McKinnon CJ , Taylor KM , Kardouni JR , Bulathsinhala L , Guerriere KI , et al . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions are associated with increased stress fracture diagnosis in the US Army population . J Bone Miner Res . 2019 ; 34 ( 3 ): 429 - 36 .

Sillanpää P , Mattila VM , Iivonen T , Visuri T , Pihlajamäki H . Incidence and risk factors of acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2008 ; 40 ( 4 ): 606 - 11 .

Canham-Chervak M . The Association of Health Risk Behaviors and Training-related Injury Among U.S. Army Basic Trainees . 2006 . http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA568679 http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA568679 . Accessed 14 Feb 2019 .

Chatzipapas CN , Drosos GI , Kazakos KI , Tripsianis G , Iatrou C , Verettas DAJ . Stress fractures in military men and bone quality related factors . Int J Sports Med . 2008 ; 29 ( 11 ): 922 - 6 .

Cosio-Lima L , Brown K , Reynolds KL , Gregg R , Perry RA Jr . Injury and illness incidence in a Sergeants Major Academy class . Mil Med . 2013 ; 178 ( 7 ): 735 - 41 .

Lappe J , Davies K , Recker R , Heaney R . Quantitative ultrasound: use in screening for susceptibility to stress fractures in female army recruits . J Bone Miner Res . 2005 ; 20 ( 4 ): 571 - 8 .

Lappe JM , Stegman MR , Recker RR . The impact of lifestyle factors on stress fractures in female Army recruits . Osteoporos Int . 2001 ; 12 ( 1 ): 35 - 42 .

Robinson M , Siddall A , Bilzon J , Thompson D , Greeves J , Izard R , et al . Low fitness, low body mass and prior injury predict injury risk during military recruit training: a prospective cohort study in the British Army . BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med . 2016 ; 2 ( 1 ): e000100 .

Schneider GA , Bigelow C , Amoroso PJ . Evaluating risk of re-injury among 1214 army airborne soldiers using a stratified survival model . Am J Prev Med . 2000 ; 18 ( 3 Suppl ): 156 - 63 .

Taanila HP , Suni JH , Pihlajamaki HK , Mattila VM , Ohrankammen O , Vuorinen P , Parkkari JP . Predictors of low back pain in physically active conscripts with special emphasis on muscular fitness . Spine J . 2012 ; 12 ( 9 ): 737 - 48 .

Wilkinson DM , Blacker SD , Richmond VL , Horner FE , Rayson MP , Spiess A , Knapik JJ . Injury rates and injury risk factors among British army infantry soldiers: final report . Med Sci Sports Exer . 2009 ; 42 : 283 - 4 .

Givon U , Friedman E , Reiner A , Vered I , Finestone A , Shemer J . Stress fractures in the Israeli Defense Forces from 1995 to 1996 . Clin Orthop Relat Res . 2000 ; 373 : 227 - 32 .

Moran DS , Finestone AS , Arbel Y , Shabshin N , Laor A . A simplified model to predict stress fracture in young elite combat recruits . J Strength Cond Res . 2012 ; 26 ( 9 ): 2585 - 92 .

Moran DS , Heled Y , Arbel Y , Israeli E , Finestone AS , Evans RK , et al . Dietary intake and stress fractures among elite male combat recruits . J Int Soc Sports Nutr . 2012 ; 9 ( 1 ): 6 .

Cosman F , Ruffing J , Zion M , Uhorchak J , Ralston S , Tendy S , et al . Determinants of stress fracture risk in United States Military Academy cadets . Bone . 2013 ; 55 ( 2 ): 359 - 66 .

Sanchez-Santos MT , Davey T , Leyland KM , Allsopp AJ , Lanham-New SA , Judge A , et al . Development of a prediction model for stress fracture during an intensive Physical Training Program: The Royal Marines Commandos . Orthop J Sports Med . 2017 ; 5 ( 7 ): 2325967117716381 .

Dash N , Kushwaha A . Stress fractures—a prospective study amongst recruits . Med J Armed Forces India . 2012 ; 68 ( 2 ): 118 - 22 .

Kovcan B , Vodicar J , Šimenko J , Videmšek M , Pori P , Vedran H . Retrospective and cross-sectional analysis of physical training-related musculoskeletal injuries in Slovenian Armed Forces . Mil Med . 2019 ; 184 ( 1–2 ): e195 - 9 .

Wyss T , Roos L , Hofstetter MC , Frey F , Mäder U . Impact of training patterns on injury incidences in 12 Swiss Army basic military training schools . Mil Med . 2014 ; 179 ( 1 ): 49 - 55 .

Altarac M , Gardner JW , Popovich RM , Potter R , Knapik JJ , Jones BH . Cigarette smoking and exercise-related injuries among young men and women . Am J Prev Med . 2000 ; 18 ( 3 Suppl ): 96 - 102 .

Anderson MK , Grier T , Canham-Chervak M , Bushman TT , Jones BH . Occupation and other risk factors for injury among enlisted U.S. army soldiers . Public Health . 2015 ; 129 ( 5 ): 531 - 8 .

Anderson MK , Grier T , Dada EO , Canham-Chervak M , Jones BH . The role of gender and physical performance on injuries: an army study . Am J Prev Med . 2017 ; 52 ( 5 ): e131 - 8 .

Bedno SA , Cowan DN , Urban N , Niebuhr DW . Effect of pre-accession physical fitness on training injuries among US Army recruits . Work . 2013 ; 44 ( 4 ): 509 - 15 .

Brooks RD , Grier T , Dada EO , Jones BH . The combined effect of cigarette smoking and fitness on injury risk in men and women . Nicotine Tob Res . 2019 ; 21 ( 12 ): 1621 - 8 .

Cowan DN , Bedno SA , Urban N , Lee DS , Niebuhr DW . Step test performance and risk of stress fractures among female army trainees . Am J Prev Med . 2012 ; 42 ( 6 ): 620 - 4 .

Cowan DN , Bedno SA , Urban N , Yi B , Niebuhr DW . Musculoskeletal injuries among overweight army trainees: incidence and health care utilization . Occup Med (Lond) . 2011 ; 61 ( 4 ): 247 - 52 .

Davey T , Lanham-New SA , Shaw AM , Cobley R , Allsopp AJ , Hajjawi MOR , et al . Fundamental differences in axial and appendicular bone density in stress fractured and uninjured royal marine recruits—a matched case-control study . Bone . 2015 ; 73 : 120 - 6 .

Fallowfield JL , Leiper RG , Shaw AM , Whittamore DR , Lanham-New SA , Allsopp AJ , et al . Risk of injury in Royal Air Force Training: does sex really matter? Mil Med . 2018 . https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy177 https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy177 .

Grier TL , Canham-Chervak M , Anderson MK , Bushman TT , Jones BH . Effects of physical training and fitness on running injuries in physically active young men . J Strength Cond Res . 2017 ; 31 ( 1 ): 207 - 16 .

Grier TL , Knapik JJ , Canada S , Canham-Chervak M , Jones BH . Risk factors associated with self-reported training-related injury before arrival at the US Army ordnance school . Public Health . 2010 ; 124 ( 7 ): 417 - 23 .

Kelly EW , Jonson SR , Cohen ME , Shaffer R . Stress fractures of the pelvis in female navy recruits: an analysis of possible mechanisms of injury . Mil Med . 2000 ; 165 ( 2 ): 142 - 6 .

Knapik JJ , Brosch LC , Venuto M , Swedler DI , Bullock SH , Gaines LS , et al . Effect on injuries of assigning shoes based on foot shape in air force basic training . Am J Prev Med . 2010 ; 38 ( 1 Suppl ): S197 - 211 .

Knapik JJ , Graham B , Cobbs J , Thompson D , Steelman R , Jones BH . A prospective investigation of injury incidence and injury risk factors among Army recruits in military police training . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2013 ; 14 : 32 .

Knapik JJ , Graham BS , Rieger J , Steelman R , Pendergrass T . Activities associated with injuries in initial entry training . Mil Med . 2013 ; 178 ( 5 ): 500 - 6 .

Knapik JJ , Jones SB , Darakjy S , Hauret KG , Nevin R , Grier T , Jones BH . Injuries and injury risk factors among members of the United States Army Band . Am J Ind Med . 2007 ; 50 ( 12 ): 951 - 61 .

Knapik JJ , Sharp MA , Canham-Chervak M , Hauret K , Patton JF , Jones BH . Risk factors for training-related injuries among men and women in basic combat training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2001 ; 33 ( 6 ): 946 - 54 .

Knapik JJ , Spiess A , Swedler D , Grier T , Darakjy S , Amoroso P , et al . Injury risk factors in parachuting and acceptability of the parachute ankle brace . Aviat Space Environ Med . 2008 ; 79 ( 7 ): 689 - 94 .

Knapik JJ , Swedler D , Grier T , Hauret KG , Bullock S , Williams K , et al . Injury reduction effectiveness of prescribing running shoes based on foot shape in basic combat training: Technical Report No. 12-MA-05SB-08 . Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD ; 2008 .

Knapik JJ , Trone D , Swedler DI , Villasenor A , Schmied E , Bullock S , Jones BH . Injury reduction effectiveness of assigning running shoes based on foot shape in Marine Corps basic training: No. 12-MA-05SBA-08B . Aberdeen Proving Ground , MD ; 2009 .

Korvala J , Hartikka H , Pihlajamäki H , Solovieva S , Ruohola JP , Sahi T , et al . Genetic predisposition for femoral neck stress fractures in military conscripts . BMC Genet . 2010 ; 11 : 95 .

Lauder TD , Dixit S , Pezzin LE , Williams MV , Campbell CS , Davis GD . The relation between stress fractures and bone mineral density: evidence from active-duty Army women . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000 ; 81 ( 1 ): 73 - 9 .

Munnoch K , Bridger RS . Smoking and injury in Royal Marines’ training . Occup Med (Lond) . 2007 ; 57 ( 3 ): 214 - 6 .

Nagai T , Lovalekar M , Wohleber MF , Perlsweig KA , Wirt MD , Beals K . Poor anaerobic power/capability and static balance predicted prospective musculoskeletal injuries among Soldiers of the 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 ( Suppl 4 ): S11 - 6 .

Pihlajamäki H , Parviainen M , Kyröläinen H , Kautiainen H , Kiviranta I . Regular physical exercise before entering military service may protect young adult men from fatigue fractures . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2019 ; 20 ( 1 ): 126 .

Psaila M , Ranson C . Risk factors for lower leg, ankle and foot injuries during basic military training in the Maltese Armed Forces . Phys Ther Sport . 2017 ; 24 : 7 - 12 .

Rappole C , Grier T , Anderson MK , Hauschild V , Jones BH . Associations of age, aerobic fitness, and body mass index with injury in an operational Army brigade . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 ( Suppl 4 ): S45 - 50 .

Reynolds K , Cosio-Lima L , Bovill M , Tharion W , Williams J , Hodges T . A comparison of injuries, limited-duty days, and injury risk factors in infantry, artillery, construction engineers, and special forces soldiers . Mil Med . 2009 ; 174 ( 7 ): 702 - 8 .

Reynolds K , Cosio-Lima L , Creedon J , Gregg R , Zigmont T . Injury occurrence and risk factors in construction engineers and combat artillery soldiers . Mil Med . 2002 ; 167 ( 12 ): 971 - 7 .

Reynolds K , Williams J , Miller C , Mathis A , Dettori J . Injuries and risk factors in an 18-day marine winter mountain training exercise . Mil Med . 2000 ; 165 ( 12 ): 905 - 10 .

Roos L , Boesch M , Sefidan S , Frey F , Mäder U , Annen H , et al . Adapted marching distances and physical training decrease recruits’ injuries and attrition . Mil Med . 2015 ; 180 ( 3 ): 329 - 36 .

Ruohola JP , Laaksi I , Ylikomi T , Haataja R , Mattila VM , Sahi T , et al . Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men . J Bone Miner Res . 2006 ; 21 ( 9 ): 1483 - 8 .

Scheinowitz M , Yanovich R , Sharvit N , Arnon M , Moran DS . Effect of cardiovascular and muscular endurance is not associated with stress fracture incidence in female military recruits: a 12-month follow up study . J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol . 2017 ; 28 ( 3 ): 219 - 24 .

Sharma J , Heagerty R , Dalal S , Banerjee B , Booker T . Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injury: a prospective study of British infantry recruits . Curr Rheumatol Rev . 2019 ; 15 ( 1 ): 50 - 8 .

Sharma J , Golby J , Greeves J , Spears IR . Biomechanical and lifestyle risk factors for medial tibia stress syndrome in army recruits: a prospective study . Gait Posture . 2011 ; 33 ( 3 ): 361 - 5 .

Taanila H , Suni JH , Kannus P , Pihlajamaki H , Ruohola JP , Viskari J , et al . Risk factors of acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries among young conscripts: a population-based cohort study . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2015 ; 16 : 104 .

Trone DW , Cipriani DJ , Raman R , Wingard DL , Shaffer RA , Macera CA . Self-reported smoking and musculoskeletal overuse injury among male and female U.S. marine corps recruits . Mil Med . 2014 ; 179 ( 7 ): 735 - 43 .

Wang X , Wang P , Zhou W . Risk factors of military training-related injuries in recruits of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces . Chin J Traumatol . 2003 ; 6 ( 1 ): 12 - 7 .

Wunderlin S , Roos L , Roth R , Faude O , Frey F , Wyss T . Trunk muscle strength tests to predict injuries, attrition and military ability in soldiers . J Sports Med Phys Fitness . 2015 ; 55 ( 5 ): 535 - 43 .

Zhao L , Chang Q , Huang T , Huang C . Prospective cohort study of the risk factors for stress fractures in Chinese male infantry recruits . J Int Med Res . 2016 ; 44 ( 4 ): 787 - 95 .

Shaffer RA , Rauh MJ , Brodine SK , Trone DW , Macera CA . Predictors of stress fracture susceptibility in young female recruits . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 1 ): 108 - 15 .

Cameron KL , Mountcastle SB , Nelson BJ , DeBerardino TM , Duffey ML , Svoboda SJ , et al . History of shoulder instability and subsequent injury during four years of follow-up: a survival analysis . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2013 ; 95 ( 5 ): 439 - 45 .

Evans R , Reynolds K , Creedon J , Murphy M . Incidence of acute injury related to fitness testing of U.S. Army personnel . Mil Med . 2005 ; 170 ( 12 ): 1005 - 11 .

Finestone A , Milgrom C , Wolf O , Petrov K , Evans R , Moran D . Epidemiology of metatarsal stress fractures versus tibial and femoral stress fractures during elite training . Foot Ankle Int . 2011 ; 32 ( 1 ): 16 - 20 .

Garnock C , Witchalls J , Newman P . Predicting individual risk for medial tibial stress syndrome in navy recruits . J Sci Med Sport . 2018 ; 21 ( 6 ): 586 - 90 .

George SZ , Childs JD , Teyhen DS , Wu SS , Wright AC , Dugan JL , et al . Predictors of occurrence and severity of first time low back pain episodes: findings from a military inception cohort . PLoS One . 2012 ; 7 ( 2 ): e30597 .

Hill OT , Bulathsinhala L , Scofield DE , Haley TF , Bernasek TL . Risk factors for soft tissue knee injuries in active duty U.S. army soldiers, 2000–2005 . Mil Med . 2013 ; 178 ( 6 ): 676 - 82 .

Knapik JJ , Graham B , Cobbs J , Thompson D , Steelman R , Jones BH . A prospective investigation of injury incidence and risk factors among army recruits in combat engineer training . J Occup Med Toxicol . 2013 ; 8 ( 1 ): 5 .

Kucera KL , Marshall SW , Wolf SH , Padua DA , Cameron KL , Beutler AI . Association of injury history and incident injury in Cadet Basic Military Training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2016 ; 48 ( 6 ): 1053 - 61 .

Lisman P , O’Connor FG , Deuster PA , Knapik JJ . Functional movement screen and aerobic fitness predict injuries in military training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2013 ; 45 ( 4 ): 636 - 43 .

Monnier A , Larsson H , Nero H , Djupsjöbacka M , Äng BO . A longitudinal observational study of back pain incidence, risk factors and occupational physical activity in Swedish marine trainees . BMJ Open . 2019 ; 9 ( 5 ): e025150 .

Rice H , Nunns M , House C , Fallowfield J , Allsopp A , Dixon S . A narrow bimalleolar width is a risk factor for ankle inversion injury in male military recruits: a prospective study . Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) . 2017 ; 41 : 14 - 9 .

Roy TC , Songer T , Ye F , LaPorte R , Grier T , Anderson M , et al . Physical training risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in female soldiers . Mil Med . 2014 ; 179 ( 12 ): 1432 - 8 .

Scott SA , Simon JE , Van Der Pol B , Docherty CL . Risk factors for sustaining a lower extremity injury in an Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadet Population . Mil Med . 2015 ; 180 ( 8 ): 910 - 6 .

Taanila H , Suni J , Pihlajamäki H , Mattila VM , Ohrankämmen O , Vuorinen P , et al . Aetiology and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in physically active conscripts: a follow-up study in the Finnish defence forces . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2010 ; 11 : 146 .

Merkel D , Moran DS , Yanovich R , Evans RK , Finestone AS , Constantini N , et al . The association between hematological and inflammatory factors and stress fractures among female military recruits . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2008 ; 40 ( 11 Suppl ): S691 - 7 .

Moran DS , Israeli E , Evans RK , Yanovich R , Constantini N , Shabshin N , et al . Prediction model for stress fracture in young female recruits during basic training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2008 ; 40 ( 11 Suppl ): S636 - 44 .

Burgi AA , Gorham ED , Garland CF , Mohr SB , Garland FC , Zeng K , et al . High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with a low incidence of stress fractures . J Bone Miner Res . 2011 ; 26 ( 10 ): 2371 - 7 .

Davey T , Lanham-New SA , Shaw AM , Hale B , Cobley R , Berry JL , et al . Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during royal marine recruit training . Osteoporos Int . 2016 ; 27 ( 1 ): 171 - 9 .

Owens BD , Dawson L , Burks R , Cameron KL . Incidence of shoulder dislocation in the United States military: demographic considerations from a high-risk population . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2009 ; 91 ( 4 ): 791 - 6 .

Schermann H , Karakis I , Ankory R , Kadar A , Yoffe V , Shlaifer A , et al . Musculoskeletal injuries among female soldiers working with dogs . Mil Med . 2018 ; 183 ( 9–10 ): e343 - 8 .

Constantini N , Finestone AS , Hod N , Shub I , Heinemann S , Foldes AJ , et al . Equipment modification is associated with fewer stress fractures in female Israel border police recruits . Mil Med . 2010 ; 175 ( 10 ): 799 - 804 .

Konitzer LN , Fargo MV , Brininger TL , Lim RM . Association between back, neck, and upper extremity musculoskeletal pain and the individual body armor . J Hand Ther . 2008 ; 21 ( 2 ): 143–8 (quiz 149) .

Rappole C , Chervak MC , Grier T , Anderson MK , Jones BH . Factors associated with lower extremity training-related injuries among Enlisted Women in U.S. army operational units . J Mil Veterans Healt . 2018 ; 26 ( 1 ): 18 - 28 .

Roy TC , Ritland BM , Knapik JJ , Sharp MA . Lifting tasks are associated with injuries during the early portion of a deployment to Afghanistan . Mil Med . 2012 ; 177 ( 6 ): 716 - 22 .

Roy TC , Ritland BM , Sharp MA . A description of injuries in men and women while serving in Afghanistan . Mil Med . 2015 ; 180 ( 2 ): 126 - 31 .

Roy TC . Diagnoses and mechanisms of musculoskeletal injuries in an infantry brigade combat team deployed to Afghanistan evaluated by the brigade physical therapist . Mil Med . 2011 ; 176 ( 8 ): 903 - 8 .

Schwartz O , Malka I , Olsen CH , Dudkiewicz I , Bader T . Overuse injuries in the IDF’s Combat Training Units: rates, types, and mechanisms of injury . Mil Med . 2018 ; 183 ( 3–4 ): e196 - 200 .

Sefton JM , Lohse KR , McAdam JS . Prediction of injuries and injury types in Army Basic Training, Infantry, Armor, and Cavalry Trainees using a common fitness screen . J Athl Train . 2016 ; 51 ( 11 ): 849 - 57 .

Sharma J , Dixon J , Dalal S , Heagerty R , Spears I . Musculoskeletal injuries in British army recruits: a prospective study of incidence in different Infantry Regiments . J R Army Med Corps . 2017 ; 163 ( 6 ): 406 - 11 .

Skeehan CD , Tribble DR , Sanders JW , Putnam SD , Armstrong AW , Riddle MS . Nonbattle injury among deployed troops: an epidemiologic study . Mil Med . 2009 ; 174 ( 12 ): 1256 - 62 .

Beck TJ , Ruff CB , Shaffer RA , Betsinger K , Trone DW , Brodine SK . Stress fracture in military recruits: gender differences in muscle and bone susceptibility factors . Bone . 2000 ; 27 ( 3 ): 437 - 44 .

Canham-Chervak M , Knapik JJ , Hauret K , Cuthie J , Craig S . Determining physical fitness criteria for entry into Army Basic Combat Training: can these criteria be based on injury risk? 2000 . http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a374717.pdf http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a374717.pdf . Accessed 1 Mar 2014 .

Dixon S , Nunns M , House C , Rice H , Mostazir M , Stiles V , et al . Prospective study of biomechanical risk factors for second and third metatarsal stress fractures in military recruits . J Sci Med Sport . 2019 ; 22 ( 2 ): 135 - 9 .

Havenetidis K , Paxinos T . Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries among Greek Army officer cadets undergoing Basic Combat Training . Mil Med . 2011 ; 176 ( 10 ): 1111 - 6 .

Henderson NE , Knapik JJ , Shaffer SW , McKenzie TH , Schneider GM . Injuries and injury risk factors among men and women in U.S. army combat medic advanced individual training . Mil Med . 2000 ; 165 ( 9 ): 647 - 52 .

Knapik JJ , Darakjy S , Hauret KG , Canada S , Scott S , Rieger W , et al . Increasing the physical fitness of low-fit recruits before basic combat training: an evaluation of fitness, injuries, and training outcomes . Mil Med . 2006 ; 171 ( 1 ): 45 - 54 .

Knapik JJ , Jones SB , Darakjy S , Hauret KG , Bullock SH , Sharp MA , et al . Injury rates and injury risk factors among U.S. army wheel vehicle mechanics . Mil Med . 2007 ; 172 ( 9 ): 988 - 96 .

Ma JZ , Cui SF , Hu F , Lu QJ , Li W . Incidence and characteristics of meniscal injuries in cadets at a military school, 2013–2015 . J Athl Train . 2016 ; 51 ( 11 ): 876 - 9 .

Mahieu NN , Witvrouw E , Stevens V , Van Tiggelen D , Roget P . Intrinsic risk factors for the development of achilles tendon overuse injury: a prospective study . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 2 ): 226 - 35 .

Moran DS , Evans R , Arbel Y , Luria O , Hadid A , Yanovich R , et al . Physical and psychological stressors linked with stress fractures in recruit training . Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2013 ; 23 ( 4 ): 443 - 50 .

Nunns M , House C , Rice H , Mostazir M , Davey T , Stiles V , et al . Four biomechanical and anthropometric measures predict tibial stress fracture: a prospective study of 1065 Royal Marines . Br J Sports Med . 2016 ; 50 ( 19 ): 1206 - 10 .

Nye NS , Pawlak MT , Webber BJ , Tchandja JN , Milner MR . Description and rate of musculoskeletal injuries in air force basic military trainees, 2012–2014 . J Athl Train . 2016 ; 51 ( 11 ): 858 - 65 .

Owens B , Mountcastle S , White D . Racial differences in tendon rupture incidence . Int J Sports Med . 2007 ; 28 ( 7 ): 617 - 20 .

Parr JJ , Clark NC , Abt JP , Kresta JY , Keenan KA , Kane SF , et al . Residual impact of previous injury on musculoskeletal characteristics in special forces operators . Orthop J Sports Med . 2015 ; 3 ( 11 ): 2325967115616581 .

Rabin A , Kozol Z , Finestone AS . Limited ankle dorsiflexion increases the risk for mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy in infantry recruits: a prospective cohort study . J Foot Ankle Res . 2014 ; 7 ( 1 ): 48 .

Sobhani V , Shakibaee A , Khatibi Aghda A , Emami Meybodi MK , Delavari A , Jahandideh D . Studying the relation between medial tibial stress syndrome and anatomic and anthropometric characteristics of military male personnel . Asian J Sports Med . 2015 ; 6 ( 2 ): e23811 .

Trybulec B , Majchrzak E . Injuries and factors determining their occurrence in paratroopers of airborne forces . Balt J Health Phys A . 2016 ; 8 ( 2 ): 78 - 86 .

Heebner NR , Abt JP , Lovalekar M , Beals K , Sell TC , Morgan J , et al . Physical and performance characteristics related to unintentional musculoskeletal injury in special forces operators: a prospective analysis . J Athl Train . 2017 ; 52 ( 12 ): 1153 - 60 .

Sell TC , Clark NC , Wood D , Abt JP , Lovalekar M , Lephart SM . Single-leg balance impairments persist in fully operational military special forces operators with a previous history of low back pain . Orthop J Sports Med . 2014 ; 2 ( 5 ): 2325967114532780 .

Allsopp AJ , Scarpello EG , Andrews S , Pethybridge RJ . Survival of the fittest? The scientific basis for the Royal Navy pre-joining fitness test . J R Nav Med Serv . 2003 ; 89 ( 1 ): 11 - 8 .

Billings CE . Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses during the United States Air Force Academy 2002 Basic Cadet Training program: documenting the need for prevention . Mil Med . 2004 ; 169 ( 8 ): 664 - 70 .

Blacker SD , Wilkinson DM , Bilzon JLJ , Rayson MP . Risk factors for training injuries among British Army recruits . Mil Med . 2008 ; 173 ( 3 ): 278 - 86 .

Havenetidis K , Paxinos T , Kardaris D , Bissas A . Prognostic potential of body composition indices in detecting risk of musculoskeletal injury in army officer cadet profiles . Phys Sports Med . 2017 ; 45 ( 2 ): 114 - 9 .

Kodesh E , Shargal E , Kislev-Cohen R , Funk S , Dorfman L , Samuelly G , et al . Examination of the effectiveness of predictors for musculoskeletal injuries in female soldiers . J Sports Sci Med . 2015 ; 14 ( 3 ): 515 - 21 .

Kupferer KR , Bush DM , Cornell JE , Lawrence VA , Alexander JL , Ramos RG , et al . Femoral neck stress fracture in Air Force basic trainees . Mil Med . 2014 ; 179 ( 1 ): 56 - 61 .

Waterman BR , Belmont PJ Jr , Cameron KL , DeBerardino TM , Owens BD . Epidemiology of ankle sprain at the United States Military Academy . Am J Sports Med . 2010 ; 38 ( 4 ): 797 - 803 .

Gundlach N , Sammito S , Böckelmann I . Risk factors for accidents during sports while serving in German armed forces . Sportverletz Sportschaden . 2012 ; 26 ( 1 ): 45 - 8 (in German) .

Finestone A , Milgrom C , Evans R , Yanovich R , Constantini N , Moran DS . Overuse injuries in female infantry recruits during low-intensity basic training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2008 ; 40 ( 11 Suppl ): S630 - 5 .

Krauss MR , Garvin NU , Boivin MR , Cowan DN . Excess stress fractures, musculoskeletal injuries, and health care utilization among unfit and overweight female army trainees . Am J Sports Med . 2017 ; 45 ( 2 ): 311 - 6 .

Hughes CD , Weinrauch PCL . Military static line parachute injuries in an Australian commando battalion . ANZ J Surg . 2008 ; 78 ( 10 ): 848 - 52 .

Burne SG , Khan KM , Boudville PB , Mallet RJ , Newman PM , Steinman LJ , et al . Risk factors associated with exertional medial tibial pain: a 12 month prospective clinical study . Br J Sports Med . 2004 ; 38 ( 4 ): 441 - 5 .

Rauh MJ , Macera CA , Trone DW , Reis JP , Shaffer RA . Selected static anatomic measures predict overuse injuries in female recruits . Mil Med . 2010 ; 175 ( 5 ): 329 - 35 .

Keenan KA , Wohleber MF , Perlsweig KA , Baldwin TM , Caviston M , Lovalekar M , et al . Association of prospective lower extremity musculoskeletal injury and musculoskeletal, balance, and physiological characteristics in Special Operations Forces . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 ( Suppl 4 ): S34 - 9 .

Esterman A , Pilotto L . Foot shape and its effect on functioning in Royal Australian Air Force recruits. Part 1: prospective cohort study . Mil Med . 2005 ; 170 ( 7 ): 623 - 8 .

Hetsroni I , Finestone A , Milgrom C , Ben Sira D , Nyska M , Radeva-Petrova D , et al . Prospective biomechanical study of the association between foot pronation and the incidence of anterior knee pain among military recruits . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 2006 ; 88 ( 7 ): 905 - 8 .

Levy JC , Mizel MS , Wilson LS , Fox W , McHale K , Taylor DC , et al . Incidence of foot and ankle injuries in West Point cadets with pes planus compared to the general cadet population . Foot Ankle Int . 2006 ; 27 ( 12 ): 1060 - 4 .

Yates B , White S . The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits . Am J Sports Med . 2004 ; 32 ( 3 ): 772 - 80 .

Roy TC , Knapik JJ , Ritland BM , Murphy N , Sharp MA . Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries for soldiers deployed to Afghanistan . Aviat Space Environ Med . 2012 ; 83 ( 11 ): 1060 - 6 .

Grier TL , Morrison S , Knapik JJ , Canham-Chervak M , Jones BH . Risk factors for injuries in the U.S. Army Ordnance School . Mil Med . 2011 ; 176 ( 11 ): 1292 - 9 .

Hall LJ . Relationship between 1.5-mile run time, injury risk and training outcome in British army recruits . J R Army Med Corps . 2017 ; 163 ( 6 ): 376 - 82 .

Hauret KG , Steelman RA , Pierce JR , Alemany JA , Sharp MA , Foulis SA , et al . Association of Performance on the Occupational Physical Assessment Test with Injuries and Attrition During Initial Entry Training – OPAT Phase I: PHR # S.0047229–18b . Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD : U.S. Army Public Health Center. DTIC: AD1061860 ; 2018 .

Heller R , Stammers H . Running to breaking point? The relationship between 1.5-mile run time and injury risk in female recruits during British army basic training . J R Army Med Corps . 2020 ; 166 ( E ): e3 - 7 .

Knapik JJ , Hauret KG , Arnold S , Canham-Chervak M , Mansfield AJ , Hoedebecke EL , et al . Injury and fitness outcomes during implementation of physical readiness training . Int J Sports Med . 2003 ; 24 ( 5 ): 372 - 81 .

Knapik JJ , Swedler DI , Grier TL , Hauret KG , Bullock SH , Williams KW , et al . Injury reduction effectiveness of selecting running shoes based on plantar shape . J Strength Cond Res . 2009 ; 23 ( 3 ): 685 - 97 .

Martin RC , Grier T , Canham-Chervak M , Bushman TT , Anderson MK , Dada EO , et al . Risk factors for sprains and strains among physically active young men: a US Army study . US Army Med Dep J . 2018 ; 2–18 : 14 - 21 .

Müller-Schilling L , Gundlach N , Böckelmann I , Sammito S . Physical fitness as a risk factor for injuries and excessive stress symptoms during basic military training . Int Arch Occup Environ Health . 2019 ; 92 ( 6 ): 837 - 41 .

Rauh MJ , Macera CA , Trone DW , Shaffer RA , Brodine SK . Epidemiology of stress fracture and lower-extremity overuse injury in female recruits . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2006 ; 38 ( 9 ): 1571 - 7 .

Rosendal L , Langberg H , Skov-Jensen A , Kjaer M . Incidence of injury and physical performance adaptations during military training . Clin J Sport Med . 2003 ; 13 ( 3 ): 157 - 63 .

Välimäki VV , Alfthan H , Lehmuskallio E , Löyttyniemi E , Sahi T , Suominen H , et al . Risk factors for clinical stress fractures in male military recruits: a prospective cohort study . Bone . 2005 ; 37 ( 2 ): 267 - 73 .

Wyss T , Von Vigier RO , Frey F , Mäder U . The Swiss army physical fitness test battery predicts risk of overuse injuries among recruits . J Sports Med Phys Fitness . 2012 ; 52 ( 5 ): 513 - 21 .

Finestone AS , Milgrom C , Yanovich R , Evans R , Constantini N , Moran DS . Evaluation of the performance of females as light infantry soldiers . Biomed Res Int . 2014 ; 2014 : 572953 .

Gam A , Goldstein L , Karmon Y , Mintser I , Grotto I , Guri A , et al . Comparison of stress fractures of male and female recruits during basic training in the Israeli anti-aircraft forces . Mil Med . 2005 ; 170 ( 8 ): 710 - 2 .

Gemmell IMM . Injuries among female army recruits: a conflict of legislation . J R Soc Med . 2002 ; 95 : 23 - 7 .

Snedecor MR , Boudreau CF , Ellis BE , Schulman J , Hite M , Chambers BUS . Air force recruit injury and health study . Am J Prev Med . 2000 ; 18 ( 3 Suppl ): 129 - 40 .

Goss DL , Moore JH , Slivka EM , Hatler BS . Comparison of injury rates between cadets with limb length inequalities and matched control subjects over 1 year of military training and athletic participation . Mil Med . 2006 ; 171 ( 6 ): 522 - 5 .

Knapik JJ , Canham-Chervak M , Hauret K , Laurin MJ , Hoedebecke E , Craig S , et al . Seasonal variations in injury rates during US Army Basic Combat Training . Ann Occup Hyg . 2002 ; 46 ( 1 ): 15 - 23 .

Mattila VM , Parkkari J , Korpela H , Pihlajamäki H . Hospitalisation for injuries among Finnish conscripts in 1990–1999 . Accid Anal Prev . 2006 ; 38 ( 1 ): 99 - 104 .

Taanila H , Suni J , Pihlajamäki H , Mattila VM , Ohrankämmen O , Vuorinen P , et al . Musculoskeletal disorders in physically active conscripts: a oneyear follow-up study in the Finnish Defence Forces . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2009 ; 10 : 89 .

Helton GL , Cameron KL , Zifchock RA , Miller E , Goss DL , Song J , et al . Association between running shoe characteristics and lower extremity injuries in United States military academy cadets . Am J Sports Med . 2019 ; 47 ( 12 ): 2853 - 62 .

Knapik JJ , Hauret KG , Canada S , Marin R , Jones B . Association between ambulatory physical activity and injuries during United States Army Basic Combat Training . J Phys Act Health . 2011 ; 8 ( 4 ): 496 - 502 .

Schuh A , Grier T , Canham-Chervak M , Hauschild V , Roy T , Jones BJ . Risk factors for injury associated with low, moderate, and high mileage road marching in a U.S. Army infantry brigade . J Sci Med Sport . 2017 ; 20 : S28 - 33 .

Knapik J , Darakjy S , Scott SJ , Hauret KG , Canada S , Marin R , et al . Evaluation of a standardized physical training program for basic combat training . J Strength Cond Res . 2005 ; 19 ( 2 ): 246 - 53 .

Ivarsson A , Johnson U , Andersen MB , Tranaeus U , Stenling A , Lindwall M . Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: meta-analyses for prediction and prevention . Sports Med . 2017 ; 47 ( 2 ): 353 - 65 .

Junge A . The influence of psychological factors on sports injuries. Review of the literature . Am J Sports Med . 2000 ; 28 ( 5 Suppl ): S10 - 5 .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Smoking prevalence in the area of responsibility of the German Ministry of Defense — results of the employee survey in the context of occupational health management

Risk factor control in relation to mortality and life expectancy among people with type 2 diabetes: results from 3 nationwide cohort studies

Diverging global incidence trends of early-onset cancers: comparisons with incidence trends of later-onset cancers and mortality trends of early-onset cancers

Chinese expert consensus on prevention, diagnosis, and management of venous thromboembolism in adult burn patients (2024)

New Calculation Method of Water Inflow Quantity in Wulong Tunnel on Chongqing--Huaihua Railway

Related Author

Stefan Sammito

Annika Claus

Dirk-Matthias Rose

Palaniappan Ganesh Nagappan

Somasundram Subramaniam

De-Yun Wang

Zi-Xin Qiu

Frank Qian

Related Institution

Department I 3 Research & Development, Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine

Institute for Teachers' Health, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz

School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge

Department of Otolaryngology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital

Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, National University Health System

⁰