Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury

Palaniappan Ganesh Nagappan; Hong Chen; De-Yun Wang

doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3

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Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury

REVIEW | Updated：2023-06-05

- Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury
- Military Medical Research Vol. 7, Issue 4, Pages: 464-481(2020)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
  2.Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China.
  3.Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Author bio：
  
  * 516333246@qq.com
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3
  CLC：
- Published：2020-12
- Accepted：
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Nagappan et al.: Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury. Mil Med Res,2020, 7: 30.
DOI：

Nagappan et al.: Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury. Mil Med Res,2020, 7: 30. DOI： 10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3.

摘要

Abstract

Neuronal networks

especially those in the central nervous system (CNS)

evolved to support extensive functional capabilities while ensuring stability. Several physiological "brakes" that maintain the stability of the neuronal networks in a healthy state quickly become a hinderance postinjury. These "brakes" include inhibition from the extracellular environment

intrinsic factors of neurons and the control of neuronal plasticity. There are distinct differences between the neuronal networks in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS. Underpinning these differences is the trade-off between reduced functional capabilities with increased adaptability through the formation of new connections and new neurons. The PNS has "facilitators" that stimulate neuroregeneration and plasticity

while the CNS has "brakes" that limit them. By studying how these "facilitators" and "brakes" work and identifying the key processes and molecules involved

we can attempt to apply these theories to the neuronal networks of the CNS to increase its adaptability. The difference in adaptability between the CNS and PNS leads to a difference in neuroregenerative properties and plasticity. Plasticity ensures quick functional recovery of abilities in the short and medium term. Neuroregeneration involves synthesizing new neurons and connections

providing extra resources in the long term to replace those damaged by the injury

and achieving a lasting functional recovery. Therefore

by understanding the factors that affect neuroregeneration and plasticity

we can combine their advantages and develop rehabilitation techniques. Rehabilitation training methods

coordinated with pharmacological interventions and/or electrical stimulation

contributes to a precise

holistic treatment plan that achieves functional recovery from nervous system injuries. Furthermore

these techniques are not limited to limb movement

as other functions lost as a result of brain injury

such as speech

can also be recovered with an appropriate training program.

关键词

Keywords

references

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