Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans

Rebecca A. Johnson; David L. Albright; James R. Marzolf; Jessica L. Bibbo; Hayley D. Yaglom; Sandra M. Crowder; Gretchen K. Carlisle; Amy Willard; Cynthia L. Russell; Karen Grindler; Steven Osterlind; Marita Wassman; Nathan Harms

doi:10.1186/s40779-018-0149-6

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Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans

RESEARCH | Updated：2026-03-12

- Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans
- Military Medical Research Vol. 5, Issue 1, Pages: 19-32(2018)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Research Center for Human Animal Interaction, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
  2.Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
  3.School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
  4.Occupational Health Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
  5.Center for the Human-Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
  6.School of Health Professions, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
  7.TREE House of Greater St. Louis, Wentzville, MO 63385, USA
  8.School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
  9.Cedar Creek Therapeutic Riding Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
  10.College of Education, School and Counseling Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
  11.Ride-On St. Louis, Kimmswick, MO 63053, USA
- Author bio：
  
  *: rajohnson@missouri.edu
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1186/s40779-018-0149-6
  CLC：
- Published：2018-03
- Accepted：
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Johnson et al.: Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. Mil Med Res, 2018, 5: 3
DOI：

Johnson et al.: Effects of therapeutic horseback riding on post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans. Mil Med Res, 2018, 5: 3 DOI： 10.1186/s40779-018-0149-6.

摘要

Abstract

Background:

Large numbers of post-deployment U.S. veterans are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI)

leading to an urgent need for effective interventions to reduce symptoms and increase veterans’ coping. PTSD includes anxiety

flashbacks

and emotional numbing. The symptoms increase health care costs for stress-related illnesses and can make veterans’ civilian life difficult.

Methods:

We used a randomized wait-list controlled design with repeated measures of U.S. military veterans to address our specific aim to test the efficacy of a 6-week therapeutic horseback riding (THR) program for decreasing PTSD symptoms and increasing coping self-efficacy

emotion regulation

social and emotional loneliness. Fifty-seven participants were recruited and 29 enrolled in the randomized trial. They were randomly assigned to either the horse riding group (

=15) or a wait-list control group (

=14). The wait-list control group experienced a 6-week waiting period

while the horse riding group began THR. The wait-list control group began riding after 6 weeks of participating in the control group. Demographic and health history information was obtained from all the participants. PTSD symptoms were measured using the standardized PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M). The PCL-M as well as other instruments including

The Coping Self Efficacy Scale (CSES)

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and The Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults-short version (SELSA) were used to access different aspects of individual well-being and the PTSD symptoms.

Results:

Participants had a statistically significant decrease in PTSD scores after 3 weeks of THR (

≤0.01) as well as a statistically and clinically significant decrease after 6 weeks of THR (

≤0.01). Logistic regression showed that participants had a 66.7% likelihood of having lower PTSD scores at 3 weeks and 87.5% likelihood at 6 weeks. Under the generalized linear model (GLM)

our ANOVA findings for the coping self-efficacy

emotion regulation

and social and emotional loneliness did not reach statistical significance. The results for coping self-efficacy and emotion regulation trended in the predicted direction. Results for emotional loneliness were opposite the predicted direction. Logistic regression provided validation that outcome effects were caused by riding longer.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that THR may be a clinically effective intervention for alleviating PTSD symptoms in military veterans.

关键词

Keywords

references

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