The effectiveness of the department of defense’s field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel

George Edafese Alakpa; John W. Collins Jr

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The effectiveness of the department of defense’s field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel

RESEARCH | Updated：2026-03-12

- The effectiveness of the department of defense’s field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel
- Military Medical Research Vol. 3, Issue 2, Pages: 66-72(2016)
- Affiliations：
  
  Department of Professional Security Studies, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ, USA
- Author bio：
  
  *: edafe05@gmail.com
- Funds：
- DOI：
  CLC：
- Published：2016-06
- Accepted：
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George Edafese Alakpa, John W. Collins Jr. The effectiveness of the department of defense’s field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel[J]. Military Medical Research, 2016, 3(2): 66-72.
DOI：

George Edafese Alakpa, John W. Collins Jr. The effectiveness of the department of defense’s field manual 3-11 in detecting, deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA): perceptions of security personnel[J]. Military Medical Research, 2016, 3(2): 66-72. DOI：

摘要

Abstract

Background:

The department of defense’s field manual (FM) 3-11 is among the military’s field manuals for preparing for

reacting to and recovering from chemical

biological

radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11

U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting

deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent (HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point (ECP).

Methods:

This time-specific

cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach’s α>0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0%; however

many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently

only 26 questionnaires were included in the sample.

Results:

The results revealed that while over 60.0% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence

the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent

the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other tactics

techniques and procedures (TTPs) would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP

and 72.0% suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education

training and equipment for security personnel at military base ECPs.

Conclusion:

If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner

the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11

specifically FM 3-11.86 (intelligence)

might increase.

关键词

Keywords

references

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The possibility of a human-borne with bioagent terrorist at foreign Forward Operating Bases entry control point: the perceptions of U.S. military or security personnel, a preliminary report

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